Predicting photosynthesis for ecosystem models vol. I

284 Pages·1979·6.961 MB·English

by  John D. Hesketh, J.W. Jones

C R C R E V I V A L S C R C R E V I V A L S
E P
d r
it e
e d
d
i
c
b
y ti
n
J g
o
h P
n
h
D o Predicting Photosynthesis for
. t
H o
s
e Ecosystem Models
s y
k n
e t
h
t
h e
Volume I
, s
J i
a s
m
f
e o
s r
W E
c
.
J o
o s
n y Edited by
e s
s t
e John D. Hesketh, James W. Jones
m
M
o
d
e
l
s
ISBN 978-1-315-89686-1
,!7IB3B5-ijgigb!
www.crcpress.com
Predicting
Photosynthesis for
Ecosystem Models
Volume I
Editors
J. D. Hesketh, Ph.D.
Crop Physiologist
Agricultural Research, Scientific and Education Administration
U.S. Department of Agriculture
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois
James W. Jones, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Agricultural Engineering
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press, Inc.
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor &B Foracnaci sR Graotuop, nan, Finlfoorrmiad abu siness
First published 1980 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
Reissued 2018 by CRC Press
© 1980 by CRC Press, Inc.
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this
publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form
by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.
com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-
for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy
license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Predicting photosynthesis for ecosystem models.
Bibliography: p.
Includes indexes.
1. Photosynthesis — Simulation methods. I. Hesketh,
John D. II. Jones, James Wigington, 1944-
QK882.P73 581.1’3342’0184 79-4047
ISBN 0-8493-5335-1 (v. 1)
ISBN 0-8493-5336-X (v. 2)
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 79004047
Publisher’s Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies
may be apparent.
Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to
contact.
ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89686-1 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07596-1 (ebk)
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the
CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com
PREFACE
Research and development agencies in the United States have emphasized the need
for methods of predicting ecosystem behavior, so as to minimize pollution (insecticide,
herbicide, and fertilizer usage) and conserve energy (petroleum products) while maxi-
mizing productivity and profits. Some of this pressure may have evolved from the
successful use of system analysis techniques by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration in their missions in the 1960s. The editors of these volumes collabo-
rated in the late 1960s and early 1970s in a regional cotton project using such system
analysis techniques while located at Mississippi and North Carolina State Universities
with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dr. W. G. Duncan (Universities of Kentucky
and Florida) and Dr. D. N. Baker (USDA, Mississippi State) played important roles
in these collaborations. It was an exciting period involving several disciplines in an
uniquely exploratory effort. For example, at one point we were interested in the role
of the crop in regulating the density and physiological state of the boll weevil, an insect
pest. Therefore, we studied the nitrogen and carbon compositions of various plant
parts with respect to the nutritional requirements of the boll weevil larvae and adult~.
Diets high in protein induced reproduction while diets high in carbohydrates induced
storage of fats and preparation for overwintering (diapause).
Photosynthate, as recently formed reductant in photosynthetic cells or as reduced
nitrogen or carbon, plays a key role in supplying the energy needs for an ecosystem.
In the context of predicting ecosystem behavior, photosynthesis must be predicted as
it interacts with other plant physiological processes as well as with animal behavior,
such as the effect of insects feeding on leaves. Likewise a study of other aspects of
ecosystem behavior must take into account their interactions with photosynthesis activ-
ities. Therefore our coverage is broad, including descriptions of how one might inte-
grate a photosynthetic model into an ecosystem predictor. The understanding and de-
scription of interactions among processes is vital to a successful ecosystem model.
We invited several full-time experimentalists unassociated with any prediction effort
(one of us, JDH, is a full-time experimentalist) to review problems one frequently
encounters when attempting to predict field photosynthesis. Some of these problems
may only be resolved using a whole plant approach and studying photosynthesis in
relation to other plant physiological processes. In analyzing the recent literature, it
would seem that experimentalists in the various specialties of plant physiology have
developed, independently, the same techniques as those using the multidisciplinary ap-
proach to study photosynthesis for ecosystem predictions. Photosynthesis is being
studied in many laboratories as it relates to whole plant behavior. In our opinion, the
experimentalists authoring chapters in these volumes had no problem identifying rele-
vant subject matter for discussion. Indeed, a major limiting factor in ecosystem pre-
diction efforts is the participation of experimentalists in reviewing the status of various
biological problems involved. We recommend more of this in the near future. It is
likely that participation will only come with the invitation to review a carefully defined
problem.
We go into greater detail justifying this effort in the first chapter. There are now
four methods for predicting photosynthesis, each with limitations and strengths. Their
present usage depends upon the purpose of the prediction to be made, as well as im-
provements in associated techniques that seem to revolutionize the methodology. At
this point in time, comparisons among methods are valuable, justifying a state-of-the-
art review for all photosynthetic scientists.
We were faced with the need to develop general notation for all the chapters but
the subject matter was so diverse, with so many traditions in notation, that we gave
up. Perhaps our failure in this respect will focus on a solution to the problem. Rarely
has so much material been brought together in one place.
We can't help but feel that progress in this general area of research will be rapid in
the near future. We hope these volumes speed up the process.
J. D. Hesketh
J. W. Jones
July 1979
CONTRIBUTORS
Randall S. Alberte, Ph. D. John D. Hesketh, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor Crop Physiologist
Department of Biology AR-SEA-USDA
University of Chicago University of Illinois
Chicago, Illinois Urbana, Illinois
Larry G. Brown, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Industrial
Engineering
James W. Jones, Ph.D.
Mississippi State University
Associate Professor
Mississippi State, Mississippi
Department of Agricultural Engineering
University of Florida
J. Robert Cooke, Ph.D.
Gainesville, Florida
Director of Instruction
College of Agriculture and Life
Sciences Kenneth R. Knoerr, Ph.D.
Professor of Agricultural Engineering Professor of Forest Meteorology
Cornell University Department of Botany
Ithaca, New York Duke University
Durham, North Carolina
Gary L. Cunningham, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
New Mexico State University Harry R. Leffler, Ph.D.
Las Cruces, New Mexico Plant Physiologist
AR-SEA-USDA Cotton Physiology and
C. D. Elmore, Ph.D. Genetics Laboratory
Plant Physiologist Stoneville, Mississippi
AR-SEA-USDA Southern Weed
Science Laboratory
Stoneville, Mississippi
Jackson R. Mauney, Ph.D.
Plant Physiologist
David M. Gates, Ph.D.
AR-SEA-USDA Western Cotton
Professor of Botany
Research Laboratory
Director, Biological Station
Phoenix, Arizona
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Gene Guinn, Ph.D. Bobby L. McMichael, Ph.D.
Plant Physiologist (Research Leader) Plant Physiologist
AR-SEA-USDA Western Cotton AR-SEA-USDA Plant and Soil Science
Research Laboratory Department
Phoenix, Arizona Texas Technical University
Lubbock, Texas
Peter C. Harley, M.S.
Research Assistant John M. Norman, Ph.D.
Biological Station Professor of Agronomy
University of Michigan The University of Nebraska
Ann Arbor, Michigan Lincoln, Nebraska
David T. Patterson, Ph.D. James F. Reynolds, Ph.D.
Plant Physiologist Assistant Professor
AR-SEA-USDA Southern Weed Department of Botany
Science Laboratory North Carolina State University
Stoneville, Mississippi Raleigh, North Carolina
John W. Radin, Ph.D.
Boyd R. Strain, Ph.D.
Plant Physiologist
AR-SEA-USDA Western Cotton Professor of Botany
Research Laboratory Duke University
Phoenix, Arizona Durham, North Carolina
Richard H. Rand, Sc.D.
Associate Professor John D. Tenhunen, Ph.D.
Department of Theoretical and Applied Research Associate
Mechanics Biological Institute
Cornell University University of Wurzburg
Ithaca, New York Wurzburg, West Germany
THE EDITORS
J. D. Hesketh was born in Maine and attended the University of Maine and Cornell
University. He has worked in Connecticut, Arizona, Canberra (Australia), Mississippi,
North Carolina, and Illinois with various governmental agencies. His early research
was concerned with gas exchange aspects of the so-called C_,-C phenomenon, as well
4
as the effect of environment on crop photosynthesis. His interest in the latter has con-
tinued to date, as well as collaborations in various efforts to forecast crop yields.
J. W. Jones was born in Mississippi and received degrees from Texas Tech, Mississippi
State, and North Carolina State Universities. He worked in Mississippi and in North
Carolina with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and in Florida with the University
of Florida. His early research focused on analysis of cotton production systems with
emphasis on modeling cotton crop growth and yield as well as crop-pest interactions.
Currently, his interests are in modeling crop growth processes as affected by water and
other stresses. He has taught several courses related to systems analysis of agricultural
and biological systems.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME 1
Chapter 1.
What is Modeling and Why Model Photosynthesis? ............................. 1
J.D. Hesketh and J. W. Jones
Chapter 2.
Micrometeorological Methods for Predicting Environmental Effects on Photosyn-
thesis .................................................................... 9
J. M. Norman and J. D. Hesketh
Chapter 3.
Predicting Canopy Photosynthesis from Gas Exchange Studies in Controlled Environ·
ments ................................................................... 37
J. D. Hesketh
Chapter 4.
Integrating Traditional Growth Analysis Techniques with Recent Modeling of Carbon
and Nitrogen Metabolism .................................................. Sl
J.D. Hesketh and J. W. Jones
ChapterS.
Diffusion Resistance Models ................................................ 93
J. R. Cooke and R. H. Rand
Chapter 6.
Leaf Photosynthesis Models ............................................... 123
J.D. Tenhunen, J.D. Hesketh, and D. M. Gates
Chapter 7.
Water Stress Adaptation .................................................. 183
B. L. McMichael
Chapter 8.
Light and Temperature Adaptation ......................................... 205
D. T. Patterson
Index .................................................................. 237
VOLUME II
Chapter 1
Analysis of CO, Exchange Assumptions: Feedback Control ...................... 1
G. Guinn and J. Mauney
Chapter 2.
Modeling C Respiration in the Light ......................................... 17
3
J.D. Tenhunen J.D. Hesketh, and P. C. Harley
Chapter 3.
Interfacing Leaf and Canopy Light Interception Models ........................4 9
J. Norman
Chapter4.
Predicting Dark Respiration in the Soil-Plant System .........................6 9
J.D. Hesketh, R. S. Alberte, and J. W. Jones
Chapter 5.
Predicting Leaf Expansion ................................................. 85
J. W. Jones and J.D. Hesketh
Chapter 6.
Predicting Flowering and Subsequent Leaf Expansion ......................... 123
J.D. Hesketh, C. D. Elmore, and J. W. Jones
Chapter 7.
Leaf Growth and Senescence .............................................. 133
H. Leffler
Chapter 8.
Concepts of Translocation with Special Reference to the Assimilation of Nitrogen and
its Movement into Fruits .................................................. 143
J. Radin and C. D. Elmore
Chapter 9.
The Paradox of No Correlation Between Leaf Photosynthetic Rates and Crop
Yields .................................................................. 155
C. D. Elmore
Chapter 10.
Predicting Primary Productivity for Forest and Desert Ecosystem Models ........ 169
J. F. Reynolds, B. R. Strain, G. L. Cunningham, and K. R. Knoerr
Chapter 11.
COTCROP: A Computer Model for Cotton Growth and Yield ................. 209
J. W. Jones, L. G. Brown, and J.D. Hesketh
Index .................................................................. 243