Preaching in the Last Days This page intentionally left blank Preaching in the Last Days THE THEME OF 'TWO WITNESSES' IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES Rodney L. Petersen New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1993 Oxford University Press Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Kuala Lumpur Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland Madrid and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 1993 by Rodney L. Petersen Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 200 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Petersen, Rodney Lawrence. Preaching in the last days : the theme of 'two witnesses' in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries / Rodney L. Petersen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-507374-6 1. Bible. N.T. Revelation XI, 3-13—Criticism, interpretation, etc.—History. I. Title. BS2825.P384 1993 228'.06—dc20 92-27964 246897531 Printed in the United States of Americaon acid-free paper To George H. Williams for a vision of faith in time to Karlfried Froehlich for the technique of history to my parents for introductions and sustaining love and to my son, Eliot, may he walk in the way of hope As depicted by Lucas Cranach in the Luther Bible, 1522, December edition, as found in Philipp Schmidt. Die Illustration der Lutherbibel, 1522-1700. Bin Stuck abendlan- dischen Kulter- und Kirchengeschichte mil Verzeichnissen der Bibeln, Bilder und Kunstler. Basel: F. Reinhardt, 1962. vi The Two Witnesses (3) "And I will grant my two witnesses authority to prophesy for one thou- sand two hundred and sixty days, wearing sackcloth." (4) These are the two olive trees and the two lampstands that stand before the Lord of the earth. (5) And if anyone wants to harm them, fire pours from their mouth and consumes their foes; anyone who wants to harm them must be killed in this manner. (6) They have authority to shut the sky, so that no rain may fall during the days of their prophesying, and they have authority over the waters to turn them into blood, and to strike the earth with every kind of plague, as often as they desire. (7) When they have finished their testimony, the beast that comes up from the bottomless pit will make war upon them and conquer them and kill them, (8) and their dead bodies will lie in the street of the great city that is pro- phetically called Sodom and Egypt, where also their Lord was crucified. (9) For three and a half days members of the peoples and tribes and languages and nations will gaze at their dead bodies and refuse to let them be placed in a tomb; (10) and the inhabitants of the earth will gloat over them and cele- brate and exchange presents, because these two prophets had been a torment to the inhabitants of the earth. (11) But after the three and a half days, the breath of life from God entered them, and they stood on their feet, and those who saw them were terrified. (12) Then they heard a loud voice from heaven saying to them, "Come up here!" And they went up to heaven in a cloud while their enemies watched them. (13) At that moment there was a great earthquake, and a tenth of the city fell; seven thousand people were killed in the earthquake, and the rest were terrified and gave glory to the God of heaven. Revelation 11:3-13 (NRSV). This page intentionally left blank Preface Christian eschatology and apocalyptic speculation have been the subjects of a spate of books in recent years, but detailed studies of particular themes are needed. This book is an effort in that direction. The study of specific texts can reveal the changes in detail that become new trends and outlooks. Apocalyptic symbols have been read in different ways in the history of biblical exegesis. Without going exten- sively into the effects of different schemes of history, one may say that the images in the book of Revelation (the Apocalypse) have been understood in a literal or prima facie way, in a spiritual or allegorical manner, or further, in such a way as to introduce a third, temporal factor that affected the symbol's literal value. This last, more typological method of understanding was quite popular among reformers in the sixteenth century. Various studies have been done on the figure of Antichrist, the epitome of evil associated with specific visions in the Apocalypse. Here we will study that human agency which is the positive counterpart to Antichrist, the two wit- nesses (Rev. 11:3-13). They appear in the dark days of the Church to preach or prophesy with the powers attributed to the prophets of Israel. It appears as if they warn of the deceptions of Antichrist. Having completed their testimony, they are slain by the beast from the bottomless pit, only to be resurrected and vindicated in their ascent to heaven. The sounding of the seventh trumpet (Rev. 11:15) now rings the apparent end of history. The text is suggestive yet open- ended. Many have speculated on the identity of these prophetically mantled witnesses, or martyrs, and have associated theological themes with them: (1) a time of culminating evil, (2) the final proclamation of hope through prophetic word, and (3) the consequent end of history associated with divine judgment and government. The lines of speculation about the identity and time of these wit- nesses, established early in the history of the Church, find expression in medieval literature, art, and drama and take on increased social implications in reformist exegesis. This interest is visible in the proliferation of commentaries on the Apoca- lypse in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and in popular literature as well. The effect of the narrative outlined by our text continued to draw attention after the Reformation, developing an even clearer visibility in subsequent Protes- tant polemics. In fact, we may say that the two witnesses become an image for self-interpretation, part of the message-oriented reform movement called Protes- tantism.
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