Practical Manual of Groundwater Microbiology

400 Pages·2007·15.673 MB·English

by  D. Roy Cullimore

8531—Prelims—9/11/2007—12:30—MUGUNTHAN—276329—XMLMODELCRC13a–pp.1–21
8531—Prelims—9/11/2007—12:30—MUGUNTHAN—276329—XMLMODELCRC13a–pp.1–21
8531—Prelims—9/11/2007—12:30—MUGUNTHAN—276329—XMLMODELCRC13a–pp.1–21
8531—Prelims—9/11/2007—12:30—MUGUNTHAN—276329—XMLMODELCRC13a–pp.1–21
Table of Contents
List ofFigures ........................................................................................................xv
Preface .................................................................................................................xvii
Author ....................................................................................................................xxi
Chapter 1 Water Wells Have Natural Filters: The Challenge.............................1
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................1
1.2 Feedingthe Natural Filters ........................................................3
1.3 Other Factors Associated with Natural Filters ..........................6
1.4 Maintaining Natural Filtersaround Water Wells ......................7
1.5 Failure of Natural Filters and Symptoms in
Water Wells ................................................................................8
Chapter 2 MicrobesinWater Wells:The Good, the Bad,and
the Ugly .............................................................................................11
2.1 What Are Microbes? ................................................................11
2.2 Where Are Microbes? ..............................................................13
2.3 Sterility, Health, and Microbes ................................................14
2.4 Bacterial Groups ofSignificance inWater Wells ...................16
2.5 ColiformBacteria .....................................................................16
2.5.1 TotalColiforms ............................................................17
2.5.2 Testingfor ColiformBacteria inWater ......................17
2.5.3 MF ColiformTest Method ...........................................18
2.5.4 MPNs ColiformTest Method ......................................18
2.5.5 MUGTest .....................................................................19
2.6 Iron-Related Bacteria ...............................................................19
2.7 Slime-Forming Bacteria ...........................................................21
2.8 Total Bacteria ...........................................................................21
2.8.1 SPC Method .................................................................22
2.8.2 TPC Method .................................................................22
2.9 MicroorganismsinWater Wells ..............................................23
2.10 Role ofMolds(Fungi)inWater Wells ....................................23
2.11 Role ofProtozoa inWater Wells .............................................25
2.12 Role ofVirusesinWater Wells ...............................................26
2.13 Acute Gastrointestinal Illnessof Unknown Etiology ..............28
Chapter 3 Sampling Procedures .........................................................................31
3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................31
3.2 SamplingWater Wells .............................................................31
3.3 Single SamplingProcedure for Water Well ............................33
3.4 Multiple Sampling from Water Well .......................................37
3.5 ZIP Testing ...............................................................................39
3.6 RoutineSampling .....................................................................42
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Chapter4 Symptoms ofFailure,Early Warnings,and Eventual
Catastrophes ......................................................................................47
4.1 Introduction ..............................................................................47
4.2 Sustainable Wells .....................................................................48
4.3 Historical Records ....................................................................50
4.4 Biological AssayData ..............................................................51
4.5 Biofouling: TheImpactofBiofilms on Specific Capacity ......54
4.6 Significance of Drawdown Changes ........................................56
4.7 Oil-Lubricated Pumps:The Risks ............................................56
4.8 Considerationsin Deciding upon aTreatment Strategy .........57
Chapter5 Remedies froma Drop toa Drum ....................................................59
5.1 Introduction ..............................................................................59
5.2 PM Servicing ............................................................................62
5.3 Regeneration .............................................................................63
5.4 Water Wells That FailwithoutRoutine
PM or Regeneration .................................................................63
Chapter6 Regeneration fromEdge ofCatastrophe ..........................................69
6.1 Introduction ..............................................................................69
6.1.1 StructuralorMechanical Failure .................................69
6.1.2 Clogging .......................................................................69
6.1.3 Plugging ........................................................................70
6.1.4 Corrosion ......................................................................70
6.1.5 Regeneration .................................................................70
6.2 Types of Chemicals Employed inRegeneration .....................73
6.2.1 Issues inChemicalChoices .........................................73
6.3 Chemical Selection for Use inRegeneration ofWells ...........74
6.3.1 Acids .............................................................................74
6.3.1.1 Acetic Acid ....................................................75
6.3.1.2 Sulfamic Acid ................................................75
6.3.1.3 Phosphoric Acids ...........................................75
6.3.1.4 Organic Acids ................................................76
6.3.2 Biocides ........................................................................76
6.3.2.1 Chlorine .........................................................76
6.3.2.2 Ozone .............................................................77
6.3.2.3 Hydrogen Peroxide ........................................77
6.3.2.4 Potassium Permanganate ...............................77
6.3.3 Surfactants ....................................................................78
6.4 Sequestration Strategies ...........................................................78
6.5 Use of Heat ...............................................................................78
6.6 Chemical Blend Selection ........................................................79
6.7 RegenerationPractices .............................................................80
Chapter7 Spheresof Influence: TheComing andthe Going ...........................85
7.1 Introduction ..............................................................................85
7.2 Risks fromFlooding Causing Compromise to Wells ..............85
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7.3 Groundwater under Direct Influenceof
Surface Water ...........................................................................91
Chapter 8 Art of Well Development .................................................................95
Chapter 9 Illustrated Guide for Groundwater Microbiology ..........................101
9.1 Natural Filters around Water Wells .......................................101
9.2 Changes inPositionofBiomass around Wells .....................102
9.3 Growth of Biomass and Impact on Well Characteristics ......103
9.4 Groundwater Flow through FourBiofouling
Water Wells ............................................................................105
9.5 DiagrammaticPresentation ofBacterial Cell ........................106
9.6 Cross Section of Attached Biomass .......................................107
9.7 Major Forms ofBiofouling inWater Wells ..........................108
9.8 Forms ofColiform Bacteria ...................................................109
9.9 Forms ofIron-RelatedBacteria .............................................110
9.10 Biocolloids ..............................................................................111
9.11 Sulfate-ReducingBacteria .....................................................112
9.12 Fungi (Molds) .........................................................................114
9.13 Pathogenic (Health Risk) Protozoa ........................................115
9.14 Size of Viruses and Bacteria ..................................................116
9.15 GrowingBacteria ...................................................................117
9.16 AgarDip-Paddle Technique ...................................................119
9.17 Slope BART Culture Technique ............................................120
9.18 BART Test Method ................................................................121
9.19 Rodina Test for IRB ...............................................................122
9.20 Cholodny Test for IRB ...........................................................123
9.21 Graingeand Lund Test for IRB .............................................124
9.22 George Alford Quick and Dirty (GAQD) Test for IRB ........125
9.23 Staining Methods for IRB ......................................................126
9.24 AgarSpreadplate Enumeration Methodfor Bacteria ............128
9.25 Bacterial Colony Forms Growing on Agar Plates .................129
9.26 ATP Test Method for Detecting Bacterial Activity ..............130
9.27 ComparisonofATPtoTimeLapseUsing
BARTTesters .........................................................................131
9.28 Theoretical Functioningof BART Tester ..............................132
9.29 Types ofBART Testers inCommon Use .............................133
9.30 Protocol for Filling BART Field Tester ................................134
9.31 CommonSitesfor EarlyBART Reactions ............................136
9.32 IRB-BART Reaction Patterns ................................................137
9.33 SRB-BART ReactionPatterns ...............................................138
9.34 SLYM-BART Reaction Patterns ...........................................139
9.35 HAB-BART Reaction Patterns ..............................................140
9.36 DN-BART ReactionPatterns .................................................141
9.37 N-BART Reaction Patterns ....................................................142
9.38 ALGE-BART Reaction Patterns ............................................143
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9.39 APB-BART Reaction Patterns ...............................................144
9.40 Relationshipof Time Lapse to Population ............................145
9.41 ORPRelationshipto IRB-BART Reactions ..........................146
9.42 ORPRelationshipto SRB-BARTReactions .........................148
9.43 Effects ofSampling during Pumping on
Biomass Characteristics .........................................................149
9.44 Location of Biomass Shifting during Plugging
ofWell ....................................................................................150
9.45 Primary Effect of Water Well Treatments .............................151
9.46 Mechanisms for Bacteriologically Influenced
Infestation ofWater Wells .....................................................153
9.47 Zones of InterrogationProjection(ZIP I) ..............................154
9.48 Zones of InterrogationProjection(ZIP II) ............................155
9.49 Zones of InterrogationProjection(ZIP III) ...........................156
9.50 Relationshipbetween Bacterial Activity and Specific
Capacity in Biofouling Water Wells .....................................157
9.51 Movementof the Redox Front arounda Well
SufferingMicrobiologically Influenced Plugging .................158
9.52 Treatment Impacts onBiofouling Water Well ......................159
9.53 Video-Camera Logging ofBiofouled Water Wells ..............160
9.54 Methane (Natural Gas) Eruptions inWater Wells ................161
9.55 Harmonic PulsingActivities inPlugging Biomass ...............162
9.56 Metal Bioaccumulationaround Active Water Wells ............163
9.57 Impact ofTreatments on the Sequential Releases of
Metals fromBiomass .............................................................164
9.58 Risks from Applying Phosphorus Compoundsas a
Treatment Strategy for Biofouled Water Wells ....................166
9.59 Maturation of Biofouling Water Well: Impacts on
Specific Capacity, andBacterial Activity ..............................168
9.60 Control Strategies for Removal of Biomass ..........................169
9.61 Comparisonof Well Regeneration with Preventative
Maintenance (Servicing) ........................................................170
9.62 Shock, Disrupt,and DispersePhases of Water
Well Regeneration ..................................................................171
9.63 Effects ofDistortions inLocation of Biomass
onEfficiencyof Treatments ...................................................171
9.64 Treatment of FracturedHard Rock Wells .............................174
9.65 Impact ofTreatment on Biomass Involved in
Biofouling ...............................................................................175
9.66 Factors Affecting Sustainabilityof Water Wells ...................177
9.67 Effect ofGrowthofVariousMicrobial Communities
onFunctions of Water Wells .................................................177
9.68 Sequential Risk Analysis for Test Pumping ofWells ...........179
9.69 Biofouling of Relief Wells in Earth-Filled Dam
Structures Used toCreate Water Reservoirs .........................181
9.70 Biofouling of HorizontalWells .............................................182
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9.71 Impact of Flooding on ProducingWater Wells ....................182
9.72 Directand Indirect Impacts ofWater Wells Flooded
by Surface Waters ..................................................................185
9.73 Flood Impact on Biofouled Well ...........................................186
9.74 Protection of Wells from Flooding ........................................187
9.75 Impact of Flooding on Position of the Redox
Front around Water Wells ......................................................188
9.76 Impact of Oil and Gas Wells on Neighboring
Water Wells ............................................................................189
9.77 Theoretical Functioningof BART Tester ..............................191
9.78 Positioning of Biomass around Slotted Screensin
Biofouling Water Wells..........................................................191
9.79 Treatment Sequencesin BiofouledWater Well
Regeneration ...........................................................................194
Appendices
AppendixA Microbiological Test Methods ....................................................197
A.1 Introduction ...........................................................................197
A.2 Historical Background ...........................................................197
A.3 Direct Examination of Water Samples
for Microorganisms................................................................198
A.4 Cultivation MethodsApplicable toDetection
ofMicroorganismsinWater .................................................199
A.5 UseofAgar Plates to Determine Bacterial Activities ..........203
A.6 Selection ofAgarMedia .......................................................204
A.7 Spreadplate Enumeration for Microbial
Content ofWater ...................................................................208
A.8 Biochemically Based Determinationof
Microorganisms inWater ......................................................208
A.9 Testing for Moldsin Water Wells ........................................211
A.10 Testing for Viruses inWater Wells ......................................211
AppendixB BART Methodologies ..................................................................215
B.1 Introduction ............................................................................215
B.2 Setting up BART Test ...........................................................217
B.3 RedCappedIron-Related Bacteria—IRB-BART .................219
B.3.1 QualitativeInterpretation ofIRB
Reaction Patterns ......................................................221
B.4 Black Capped SRB—SRB-BART ........................................224
B.5 LimeGreen Capped Slime-Forming
Bacteria—SLYM-BART .......................................................226
B.6 Dark Blue Capped Heterotrophic
Bacteria—HAB-BART ..........................................................228
B.7 GrayCappedDenitrifying Bacteria—DN-BART .................231
B.8 White Capped Nitrifying Bacteria—N-BART .....................232
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