Practical Electrical Engineering

999 Pages·2016·121.63 MB·English

by  Sergey N. Makarov, Stephen J. Bitar, Reinhold Ludwig

Practical Electrical Engineering

Sergey N. Makarov (cid:129) Reinhold Ludwig
Stephen J. Bitar
Practical Electrical
Engineering
SergeyN.Makarov ReinholdLudwig
ECEDepartment ECEDepartment
WorcesterPolytechnicInstitute WorcesterPolytechnicInstitute
Worcester,Washington,USA Worcester,Massachusetts,USA
StephenJ.Bitar
WorcesterPolytechnicInstitute
Worcester,Massachusetts,USA
ISBN9783319211725 ISBN9783319211732 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/9783319211732
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015950619
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Contents
1 FromPhysicstoElectricCircuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 ElectrostaticsofConductors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Charges,CoulombForce,andElectricField. . . . 3
1.1.2 ElectricPotentialandElectricVoltage. . .. . . .. . 4
1.1.3 ElectricVoltageVersusGround. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.4 EquipotentialConductors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.5 UseofCoulomb’sLawtoSolve
ElectrostaticProblems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Steady-StateCurrentFlowandMagnetostatics. . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.1 ElectricCurrent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.2 DifferenceBetweenCurrentFlowModel
andElectrostatics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.3 PhysicalModelofanElectricCircuit. . . . . . . . . 13
1.2.4 MagnetostaticsandAmpere’sLaw. . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.5 OriginofElectricPowerTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3 HydraulicandFluidMechanicsAnalogies. . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.1 HydraulicAnalogiesintheDCSteadyState. . . . 18
1.3.2 AnalogiesforAlternating-Current(AC)
Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.3 AnalogiesforSemiconductor
CircuitComponents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
PartI DCCircuits:GeneralCircuit
Theory—OperationalAmplifier
2 MajorCircuitElements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1 Resistance:LinearPassiveCircuitElement. . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.1 CircuitElementsVersusCircuitComponents. . . 31
2.1.2 Resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.3 υ-iCharacteristicoftheResistance:
OpenandShortCircuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1.4 PowerDeliveredtotheResistance. . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.5 FindingResistanceofOhmicConductors. . . . . . 36
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Contents
2.1.6 ApplicationExample:PowerLossin
TransmissionWiresandCables. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.1.7 PhysicalComponent:Resistor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.1.8 ApplicationExample:ResistiveSensors. . . . . . . 42
2.2 NonlinearPassiveCircuitElements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2.1 ResistanceasaModelfortheLoad. . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2.2 NonlinearPassiveCircuitElements. . . . . . . . . . 47
2.2.3 StaticResistanceofaNonlinearElement. . . . . . 48
2.2.4 Dynamic(Small-Signal)Resistance
ofaNonlinearElement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2.5 ElectronicSwitch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.3 IndependentSources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3.1 IndependentIdealVoltageSource. . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3.2 CircuitModelofaPracticalVoltageSource. . . . 54
2.3.3 IndependentIdealCurrentSource. . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3.4 CircuitModelofaPracticalCurrentSource. . . . 57
2.3.5 OperationoftheVoltageSource. . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.3.6 ApplicationExample:DCVoltage
GeneratorwithPermanentMagnets. . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3.7 ApplicationExample:ChemicalBattery. . . . . . . 61
2.4 DependentSourcesandTime-VaryingSources. . . . . . . . . 64
2.4.1 DependentVersusIndependentSources. . . . . . . 64
2.4.2 DefinitionofDependentSources. . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.4.3 TransferCharacteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4.4 Time-VaryingSources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.5 IdealVoltmeterandAmmeter:CircuitGround. . . . . . . . . 69
2.5.1 IdealVoltmeterandAmmeter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.5.2 CircuitGround:FluidMechanicsAnalogy. . . . . 70
2.5.3 TypesofElectricGround. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.5.4 GroundandReturnCurrent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.5.5 AbsoluteVoltageandVoltageDrop
AcrossaCircuitElement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3 CircuitLawsandNetworkingTheorems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.1 CircuitLaws:NetworkingTheorems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.1.1 ElectricNetworkandItsTopology. . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.1.2 Kirchhoff’sCurrentLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.1.3 Kirchhoff’sVoltageLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.1.4 Power-RelatedNetworkingTheorems. . . . . . . . . 98
3.1.5 PortofaNetwork:NetworkEquivalence. . . . . . 99
3.2 SeriesandParallelNetwork/CircuitBlocks. . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.2.1 SourcesinSeriesandinParallel. . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.2.2 ResistancesinSeriesandinParallel. . . . . . . . . . 102
3.2.3 ReductionofResistiveNetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.2.4 VoltageDividerCircuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.2.5 ApplicationExample:VoltageDivider
asaSensorCircuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
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3.2.6 ApplicationExample:VoltageDivider
asanActuatorCircuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.2.7 CurrentLimiter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.2.8 CurrentDividerCircuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.2.9 WheatstoneBridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.3 SuperpositionTheoremandItsUse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.3.1 LinearandNonlinearCircuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.3.2 SuperpositionTheoremorSuperposition
Principle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.3.3 Y(Wye)andΔ(Delta)Networks:
UseofSuperposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.3.4 TandΠNetworks:Two-PortNetworks. . . . . . . 121
3.3.5 GeneralCharacterofSuperpositionTheorem. . . 122
4 CircuitAnalysisandPowerTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.1 Nodal/MeshAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.1.1 ImportanceofCircuitSimulators. . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.1.2 NodalAnalysisforLinearCircuits. . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.1.3 Supernode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.1.4 MeshAnalysisforLinearCircuits. . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.1.5 Supermesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.2 GeneratorTheorems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.2.1 EquivalenceofActiveOne-PortNetworks:
MethodofShort/OpenCircuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.2.2 ApplicationExample:ReadingandUsing
DataforSolarPanels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.2.3 SourceTransformationTheorem. . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.2.4 Thévenin’sandNorton’sTheorems:
ProofWithoutDependentSources. . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.2.5 ApplicationExample:GeneratingNegative
EquivalentResistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.2.6 SummaryofCircuitAnalysisMethods. . . . . . . . 159
4.3 PowerTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
4.3.1 MaximumPowerTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
4.3.2 MaximumPowerEfficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.3.3 ApplicationExample:PowerRadiated
byaTransmittingAntenna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.3.4 ApplicationExample:MaximumPower
ExtractionfromSolarPanel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.4 AnalysisofNonlinearCircuits:GenericSolarCell. . . . . . 167
4.4.1 AnalysisofNonlinearCircuits:Load
LineMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.4.2 IterativeMethodforNonlinearCircuits. . . . . . . . 169
4.4.3 ApplicationExample:SolvingtheCircuit
foraGenericSolarCell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
ix