Practical C

477 Pages·2016·2.34 MB·English

by  Giulio Zambon

Practical C

Giulio Zambon
Practical C
Giulio Zambon
Harrison, Aust Capital Terr
Australia
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-1768-9 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-1769-6
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4842-1769-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016959617
Copyright © 2016 by Giulio Zambon
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with
every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an
editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are
not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to
proprietary rights.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,
neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or
omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein.
Managing Director: Welmoed Spahr
Lead Editor: Steve Anglin
Technical Reviewer: Rohan Walia
Editorial Board: Steve Anglin, Pramila Balan, Laura Berendson, Aaron Black, Louise Corrigan,
Jonathan Gennick, Robert Hutchinson, Celestin Suresh John, Nikhil Karkal, James Markham,
Susan McDermott, Matthew Moodie, Natalie Pao, Gwenan Spearing
Coordinating Editor: Mark Powers
Copy Editor: Kezia Endsley
Compositor: SPi Global
Indexer: SPi Global
Artist: SPi Global
Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business Media New York, 233 Spring Street,
6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax [phone], e-mail o rders-ny@springer-
sbm.com , or visit w ww.springeronline.com . Apress Media, LLC is a California LLC and the sole member
(owner) is Springer Science + Business Media Finance Inc (SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM Finance Inc is a
Delaware corporation.
For information on translations, please e-mail [e-mail] , or visit w ww.apress.com .
Apress and friends of ED books may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use.
eBook versions and licenses are also available for most titles. For more information, reference our Special
Bulk Sales–eBook Licensing web page at w ww.apress.com/bulk-sales .
Any source code or other supplementary materials referenced by the author in this text are available to
readers at www.apress.com/9781484217689 . For detailed information about how to locate your book’s source
code, go to www.apress.com/source-code/ . Readers can also access source code at SpringerLink in the
Supplementary Material section for each chapter.
Printed on acid-free paper
Contents at a Glance
About the Author ...................................................................................................xiii
About the Technical Reviewer .................................................................................xv
■ Chapter 1: Introduction .........................................................................................1
■ Chapter 2: Tricky Bits ............................................................................................9
■ Chapter 3: Iteration, Recursion, and Binary Trees ...............................................47
■ Chapter 4: Lists, Stacks, and Queues ..................................................................85
■ Chapter 5: Exception Handling ..........................................................................119
■ Chapter 6: String Utilities ..................................................................................137
■ Chapter 7: Dynamic Arrays ................................................................................185
■ Chapter 8: Searching .........................................................................................207
■ Chapter 9: Sorting .............................................................................................253
■ Chapter 10: Numerical Integration ....................................................................275
■ Chapter 11: Embedded Software .......................................................................315
■ Chapter 12: Databases ......................................................................................337
■ Chapter 13: Web Server Using Mongoose .........................................................375
■ Chapter 14: Game Application: MathSearch ......................................................395
■ Appendix A: Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................435
■ Appendix B: Introduction to SQL ........................................................................439
Index .....................................................................................................................465
iii
Contents
About the Author ...................................................................................................xiii
About the Technical Reviewer .................................................................................xv
■ Chapter 1: Introduction .........................................................................................1
Coding Style .....................................................................................................................1
Indentation ..............................................................................................................................................1
Naming and Other Conventions ..............................................................................................................4
The Use of goto .......................................................................................................................................5
How to Read This Book ....................................................................................................7
■ Chapter 2: Tricky Bits ............................................................................................9
The Scope and Life of Variables .......................................................................................9
Local Variables ........................................................................................................................................9
Global Variables ....................................................................................................................................12
Functions ..............................................................................................................................................13
Call by Value ...................................................................................................................13
Preprocessor Macros .....................................................................................................16
Booleans .........................................................................................................................18
Structure Packing ...........................................................................................................20
Characters and Locales ..................................................................................................21
Normal and Wide Characters ..........................................................................................24
Dealing with Numbers ....................................................................................................28
Integers.................................................................................................................................................29
Floating-Point Numbers ........................................................................................................................30
Summary ........................................................................................................................46
v
■ CONTENTS
■ Chapter 3: Iteration, Recursion, and Binary Trees ...............................................47
Iteration ..........................................................................................................................47
Recursion .......................................................................................................................48
A Simple Example .................................................................................................................................49
Binary Trees ....................................................................................................................50
Displaying a Tree Graphically ................................................................................................................57
Generating a Random Tree ...................................................................................................................73
Traversing a Tree ..................................................................................................................................77
More Binary Trees .................................................................................................................................81
Summary ........................................................................................................................83
■ Chapter 4: Lists, Stacks, and Queues ..................................................................85
There Are Lists and Lists ................................................................................................85
Stacks ............................................................................................................................86
Array-Based Stacks ..............................................................................................................................87
Linked-List Stacks ................................................................................................................................96
Queues .........................................................................................................................100
Array-Based Queues ...........................................................................................................................100
Linked-List Queues .............................................................................................................................113
Summary ......................................................................................................................117
■ Chapter 5: Exception Handling ..........................................................................119
Long Jumps ..................................................................................................................120
Throw ...........................................................................................................................121
Try and Catch ...............................................................................................................122
Multiple Catches ...........................................................................................................128
Multiple Tries ................................................................................................................130
Examples ......................................................................................................................133
Summary ......................................................................................................................136
vi
■ CONTENTS
■ Chapter 6: String Utilities ..................................................................................137
String Allocation and Release ......................................................................................137
str_new() ............................................................................................................................................139
str_release() .......................................................................................................................................142
str_release_all() .................................................................................................................................144
str_list() ..............................................................................................................................................145
Some Examples ..................................................................................................................................146
Multiple Stacks ...................................................................................................................................149
String Formatting .........................................................................................................151
String Info .....................................................................................................................153
String Update ...............................................................................................................155
String Copy .........................................................................................................................................156
String Conversion ...............................................................................................................................158
String Clean Up ...................................................................................................................................159
String Remove ....................................................................................................................................161
Searches ......................................................................................................................163
Find a Character .................................................................................................................................163
Find a Substring .................................................................................................................................168
Replace ........................................................................................................................170
Replace a Character ...........................................................................................................................170
Replace a Substring ...........................................................................................................................172
Extract a Substring .......................................................................................................175
Concatenate Strings .....................................................................................................177
More Functionality? ......................................................................................................182
Summary ......................................................................................................................182
■ Chapter 7: Dynamic Arrays ................................................................................185
Array Allocation and Release ........................................................................................185
Allocating an Array .............................................................................................................................186
Releasing an Array ..............................................................................................................................188
Multiple Stacks ...................................................................................................................................192
vii
■ CONTENTS
Changing the Size of an Array ......................................................................................195
Array Copy and Duplication ..........................................................................................198
Select Array Elements ..................................................................................................201
Summary ......................................................................................................................205
■ Chapter 8: Searching .........................................................................................207
Comparisons ................................................................................................................207
C Standard Comparison Functions .....................................................................................................207
Comparing Structures .........................................................................................................................210
Comparing Arrays ...............................................................................................................................211
Fuzziness ............................................................................................................................................211
Searches ......................................................................................................................216
Unordered Arrays of Integers ..............................................................................................................216
Unordered Arrays of Pointers ..............................................................................................................224
Ordered Arrays ....................................................................................................................................228
Linked Lists and Binary Search Trees .................................................................................................234
Summary ......................................................................................................................252
■ Chapter 9: Sorting .............................................................................................253
Insertion Sort ................................................................................................................253
Shell Sort ......................................................................................................................254
Bubble Sort ...................................................................................................................259
Quicksort ......................................................................................................................260
Integer Arrays ...............................................................................................................268
The Standard C Function ..............................................................................................271
Summary ......................................................................................................................274
■ Chapter 10: Numerical Integration ....................................................................275
Getting Started with One-Variable Functions ...............................................................275
The Trapezoidal Rule ....................................................................................................278
The Simpson’s Rule ......................................................................................................284
viii
■ CONTENTS
The Newton-Cotes Formulas ........................................................................................286
Deciding When to Stop .................................................................................................289
Singularities .................................................................................................................293
Maximum and Minimum .....................................................................................................................294
Monte Carlo ..................................................................................................................296
3D Integration ...............................................................................................................300
Integration Domains ...........................................................................................................................301
From Trapezoid in 2D to Prism in 3D ..................................................................................................303
Improving the Prism Rule ...................................................................................................................307
Converting the Rectangular Rule to 3D ..............................................................................................311
Final Considerations on Multiple Integrals ...................................................................313
Summary ......................................................................................................................314
■ Chapter 11: Embedded Software .......................................................................315
Bit Operations ...............................................................................................................315
Endianness ...................................................................................................................319
Embedded Environments .............................................................................................320
Naked Boards .....................................................................................................................................320
Real-Time OSs (RTOSs) .......................................................................................................................321
High-Level OSs ...................................................................................................................................321
Signals and Interrupts ..................................................................................................322
Concurrency .................................................................................................................332
Summary ......................................................................................................................336
■ Chapter 12: Databases ......................................................................................337
MySQL ..........................................................................................................................337
Using the CLI to Create and Populate a Database ..............................................................................338
The MySQL Workbench .......................................................................................................................345
Using MySQL from a C Program .........................................................................................................347
ix
■ CONTENTS
SQLite ...........................................................................................................................360
Using SQLite from the CLI ...................................................................................................................364
Using SQLite from C ............................................................................................................................365
Using Dynamic Strings and Arrays .....................................................................................................369
Summary ......................................................................................................................374
■ Chapter 13: Web Server Using Mongoose .........................................................375
Web Pages and Protocols .............................................................................................375
Dynamic Web Pages .....................................................................................................378
The Simplest Application with a Web Server ................................................................378
Event Handler .....................................................................................................................................380
Main ....................................................................................................................................................381
An Application with a Web Server ................................................................................381
Static Variables ...................................................................................................................................384
main() .................................................................................................................................................384
e_handler(), get_x(), and send_response() .........................................................................................385
index.html ...........................................................................................................................................387
Tailoring Mongoose ......................................................................................................391
Summary ......................................................................................................................394
■ Chapter 14: Game Application: MathSearch ......................................................395
MathSearch Specifi cation and Design .........................................................................396
MathSearch Specs ..............................................................................................................................397
MathSearch Design ............................................................................................................................397
Implementing MathSearch ...........................................................................................399
Module: main ......................................................................................................................................399
Module: count ...............................................................................................................416
Module: display ............................................................................................................417
Module: save_html .......................................................................................................424
Module: save_images ..................................................................................................430
Summary ......................................................................................................................434
x