Power Systems Modelling and Fault Analysis

650 Pages·2012·4.82 MB·English

Power Systems Modelling and FaultAnalysis
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Power Systems
Modelling and Fault
Analysis
Theory and Practice
Nasser D. Tleis
BSc,MSc,PhD,CEng,FIEE
AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON (cid:129) NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD
PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO (cid:129) SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SINGAPORE (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO
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Contents
ListofElectricalSymbols xvii
Foreword xix
Preface xxi
Biography xxiv
1 Introductiontopowersystemfaults 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Structureofpowersystems 1
1.3 Needforpowersystemfaultanalysis 2
1.3.1 General 2
1.3.2 Healthandsafetyconsiderations 3
1.3.3 Design,operationandprotectionofpowersystems 3
1.3.4 Designofpowersystemequipment 4
1.4 Characteristicsofpowersystemfaults 4
1.4.1 Natureoffaults 4
1.4.2 Typesoffaults 4
1.4.3 Causesoffaults 5
1.4.4 Characterisationoffaults 6
1.5 Terminologyofshort-circuitcurrentwaveformandcurrent
interruption 8
1.6 Effectsofshort-circuitcurrentsonequipment 12
1.6.1 Thermaleffects 12
1.6.2 Mechanicaleffects 12
1.7 Per-unitanalysisofpowersystems 15
1.7.1 General 15
1.7.2 Single-phasesystems 15
1.7.3 Changeofbasequantities 18
1.7.4 Three-phasesystems 19
1.7.5 Mutuallycoupledsystemshavingdifferentoperating
voltages 20
1.7.6 Examples 25
viii Contents
2 Theoryofsymmetricalcomponentsandconnectionof
phasesequencenetworksduringfaults 28
2.1 General 28
2.2 Symmetricalcomponentsofathree-phasepowersystem 29
2.2.1 Balancedthree-phasevoltageandcurrentphasors 29
2.2.2 Symmetricalcomponentsofunbalancedvoltageor
currentphasors 31
2.2.3 Apparentpowerinsymmetricalcomponentterms 34
2.2.4 Definitionofphasesequencecomponentnetworks 34
2.2.5 Sequencecomponentsofunbalancedthree-phase
impedances 36
2.2.6 Sequencecomponentsofbalancedthree-phase
impedances 39
2.2.7 Advantagesofsymmetricalcomponentsframeof
reference 40
2.2.8 Examples 40
2.3 Analysisofbalancedandunbalancedfaultsinthesequence
referenceframe 43
2.3.1 General 43
2.3.2 Balancedthree-phasetoearthshort-circuitfaults 43
2.3.3 Balancedthree-phaseclearofearthshort-circuitfaults 45
2.3.4 Unbalancedone-phasetoearthshort-circuitfaults 47
2.3.5 Unbalancedphase-to-phaseortwo-phaseshort-circuit
faults 49
2.3.6 Unbalancedtwo-phasetoearthshort-circuitfaults 51
2.3.7 Unbalancedone-phaseopen-circuitfaults 55
2.3.8 Unbalancedtwo-phaseopen-circuitfaults 56
2.3.9 Example 58
2.4 Faultanalysisandchoiceofreferenceframe 59
2.4.1 General 59
2.4.2 One-phasetoearthshort-circuitfaults 60
2.4.3 Two-phasetoearthshort-circuitfaults 61
2.5 Analysisofsimultaneousfaults 63
2.5.1 General 63
2.5.2 Simultaneousshort-circuitfaultsatthesamelocation 63
2.5.3 Cross-countryfaultsorsimultaneousfaultsatdifferent
locations 65
2.5.4 Simultaneousopen-circuitandshort-circuitfaultsat
thesamelocation 66
2.5.5 Simultaneousfaultscausedbybrokenandfallento
earthconductors 68
2.5.6 Simultaneousshort-circuitandopen-circuitfaultson
distributiontransformers 69
Furtherreading 73
Contents ix
3 Modellingofmulti-conductoroverheadlinesandcables 74
3.1 General 74
3.2 Phaseandsequencemodellingofthree-phase
overheadlines 74
3.2.1 Background 74
3.2.2 Overviewofthecalculationofoverheadline
parameters 76
3.2.3 Untransposedsingle-circuitthree-phaselineswithand
withoutearthwires 89
3.2.4 Transpositionofsingle-circuitthree-phaselines 96
3.2.5 Untransposeddouble-circuitlineswithearthwires 102
3.2.6 Transpositionofdouble-circuitoverheadlines 108
3.2.7 Untransposedandtransposedmultiple-circuitlines 123
3.2.8 Examples 127
3.3 Phaseandsequencemodellingofthree-phasecables 140
3.3.1 Background 140
3.3.2 Cablesheathbondingandearthingarrangements 142
3.3.3 Overviewofthecalculationofcableparameters 145
3.3.4 Seriesphaseandsequenceimpedancematricesof
single-circuitcables 154
3.3.5 Shuntphaseandsequencesusceptancematricesof
single-circuitcables 164
3.3.6 Three-phasedouble-circuitcables 168
3.3.7 Examples 170
3.4 Sequenceπmodelsofsingle-circuitanddouble-circuit
overheadlinesandcables 173
3.4.1 Background 173
3.4.2 Sequenceπmodelsofsingle-circuitoverhead
linesandcables 175
3.4.3 Sequenceπmodelsofdouble-circuitoverhead
lines 177
3.4.4 Sequenceπmodelsofdouble-circuitcables 180
3.5 Sequenceπmodelsofthree-circuitoverheadlines 180
3.6 Three-phasemodellingofoverheadlinesandcables
(phaseframeofreference) 182
3.6.1 Background 182
3.6.2 Single-circuitoverheadlinesandcables 183
3.6.3 Double-circuitoverheadlinesandcables 184
3.7 Computercalculationsandmeasurementsofoverheadlineand
cableparameters 186
3.7.1 Computercalculationsofoverheadlineandcable
parameters 186
3.7.2 Measurementofoverheadlineparameters 187
3.7.3 Measurementofcableparameters 193