Power system economic and market operations

257 Pages·2018·4.8 MB·English

by  Zhong

Power System Economic
and Market Operations

Power System Economic
and Market Operations

by
Jin Zhong
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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To My Family
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-9904-5 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-
ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC,
a separate system of payment has been arranged.
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Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction 1
2 Economic operation in power systems 5
2.1 Introduction of power system operation 5
2.2 Development of economic operation 8
2.3 Incentives of economic operation 12
Bibliography 12
3 Power generation costs 13
3.1 Load cycles 13
3.2 Costs for power generations 16
3.2.1 Coal-fired steam power plants 16
3.2.2 Gas-fired power plants 22
3.2.3 Hydro power s tations 24
3.2.4 Nuclear power s tations 25
3.2.5 Wind power and solar energy 25
vii
viii CONTENTS
3.3 Generation planning 26
3.3.1 Conventional generation planning 26
3.3.2 Screening curve 28
3.3.3 Load duration curve 31
3.3.4 Generation planning and g eneration
scheduling 35
3.4 Summary 35
4 Economic dispatch 37
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 The problem of economic dispatch 38
4.3 Economic dispatch problem considering losses 49
4.4 Economic dispatch with piecewise linear cost
functions 52
4.5 Summary 55
5 Optimal power flow 57
5.1 Introduction 57
5.2 Power flow formulations 59
5.2.1 Bus admittance matrix 59
5.2.2 Power flow equations 60
5.3 Optimal power flow modeling 63
5.3.1 Mathematical model of optimal
power flow 63
5.3.2 Solution algorithms for optimal
power flow 65
5.4 DC optimal power flow 67
5.5 Security-constrained optimal power flow 68
5.6 Examples 72
5.6.1 Test system 72
5.6.2 Example for AC optimal power flow 73
5.6.3 Example for DC optimal power flow 74
5.6.4 Example for security-constrained
optimal power flow 75
5.7 Modified optimal power flow models for
power system operations 77
5.7.1 Minimize generation cost 78
5.7.2 Minimize losses/total generation 78
5.7.3 Minimize generation adjustment 78
CONTENTS ix
5.7.4 Minimize load shedding 79
5.7.5 Optimization of reactive power 79
5.8 Optimal power flow and unit commitment 81
Bibliography 81
6 Unit commitment 83
6.1 Introduction 83
6.2 Illustrative example of unit commitment 84
6.3 Mathematical model of unit commitment
problem 91
6.3.1 Variables of unit commitment problem 92
6.3.1.1 Control variables 92
6.3.1.2 State variables 92
6.3.2 Objective function 92
6.3.3 Unit constraints 93
6.3.3.1 Generator output limits 93
6.3.3.2 Generation unit ramping
constraints 94
6.3.3.3 Generation unit operation
time constraints 95
6.3.3.4 Other unit constraints 95
6.3.4 System constraints 96
6.3.4.1 Power balance constraints 96
6.3.4.2 Network constraints 97
6.3.4.3 System reserve constraints 98
6.4 Solution algorithms for unit commitment problem 99
6.5 Summary 100
7 Electricity market overview 101
7.1 Traditional power industry 101
7.2 Deregulation of power industry 103
7.2.1 Unbundling of integrated power
systems 103
7.2.2 Restructured power s ystem for
market operation 106
7.3 Power deregulation in different countries 107
7.3.1 Great Britain 108
7.3.2 Australia and New Zealand 109
7.3.3 Nordic countries 110
7.3.4 United States 111