Power quality issues : current harmonics

185 Pages·2016·16.316 MB·English

by  Mikkili, Suresh, Panda, Anup Kumar

ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL
SURESH MIKKILI • ANUP KUMAR PANDA
CURRENT HARMONICS
SURESH MIKKILI • ANUP KUMAR PANDA
Power Quality Issues: Current Harmonics provides solutions for the mitigation of power quality
problems related to harmonics. Focusing on active power filters (APFs) due to their excellent
harmonic and reactive power compensation in two-wire (single phase), three-wire (three-phase
without neutral), and four-wire (three-phase with neutral) AC power networks with nonlinear
loads, the text:
• Introduces the APF technology, describing various APF configurations and offering guidelines
for the selection of APFs for specific application considerations
• Compares shunt active filter (SHAF) control strategies for extracting three-phase reference
currents, evaluating their performance under a number of source voltage conditions using a
proportional-integral (PI) controller
• Presents PI controller-based SHAF instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) and CURRENT
instantaneous active and reactive current (Id-Iq) control strategies, supplying detailed
HARMONICS
MATLAB®/Simulink simulation results
• Proposes SHAF control strategies using type 1 and type 2 fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) with
different fuzzy membership functions (MFs), analyzing their harmonic mitigation and DC link
voltage regulation
• Verifies the proposed type 2 FLC-based SHAF control strategies with trapezoidal, triangular,
and Gaussian fuzzy MFs using RT-LAB, a real-time digital simulation software from OPAL-RT
Technologies
Power Quality Issues: Current Harmonics is a useful resource for those tackling electrical power
quality challenges. The compensation techniques described in this book alleviate harmonic issues
that can distort voltage waveforms, fry a building’s wiring, trigger nuisance tripping, overheat
transformer units, and cause random end-user equipment failure.
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K25977

CURRENT HARMONICS

CURRENT HARMONICS
SURESH MIKKILI • ANUP KUMAR PANDA
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Dedicated to my better half Ms. Alekhya.
“What you are today is God’s gift to you, and what
you become tomorrow is your gift to God.”
—Dr. Suresh Mikkili

Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................xiii
Authors ...................................................................................................................xv
Abbreviations .....................................................................................................xvii
Notations ..............................................................................................................xix
1. Introduction .....................................................................................................1
1.1 Research Background ...........................................................................1
1.2 Power Quality Issues ............................................................................3
1.2.1 Main Causes of Poor Power Quality .....................................4
1.2.2 Power Quality Problems .........................................................4
1.3 Solutions for Mitigation of Power Quality Problems .......................8
1.3.1 Classification of Power Filters ................................................8
1.3.1.1 Passive Filters ............................................................8
1.3.1.2 Active Filters ...........................................................10
1.3.1.3 Hybrid Filters ..........................................................10
1.3.2 Active Filter Applications Depending on PQ Issues ........10
1.3.3 Selection of Power Filters ......................................................11
1.3.4 IEEE Standards for Limitations of Current Harmonics ...12
1.4 Introduction to APF Technology ......................................................12
1.5 Categorization of Active Power Filter ..............................................14
1.5.1 Converter- Based Categorization ..........................................15
1.5.2 Topology- Based Categorization ...........................................16
1.5.3 Supply System– Based Categorization .................................18
1.5.3.1 Two- Wire APFs .......................................................18
1.5.3.2 Three- Wire APFs ....................................................18
1.5.3.3 Four- Wire APFs ......................................................20
1.6 Technical and Economic Considerations .........................................22
1.7 Selection Considerations of APFs .....................................................22
1.8 Introduction to Active Power Filter Control Strategies .................23
1.9 Motivation ............................................................................................25
1.10 Book Objectives ...................................................................................27
1.11 Book Structure .....................................................................................28
2. Performance Analysis of SHAF Control Strategies Using
a PI Controller ...............................................................................................31
2.1 Shunt Active Filter Basic Compensation Principle .........................32
2.2 Active Power Filter Control Strategies .............................................33
vii
viii Contents
2.2.1 Signal Conditioning ..............................................................35
2.2.2 Derivation of Compensating Signals ..................................35
2.2.2.1 Compensation in Frequency Domain .................36
2.2.2.2 Compensation in Time Domain ...........................36
2.2.3 Current Control Techniques for Derivation of Gating
Signals .....................................................................................46
2.2.3.1 Generation of Gating Signals to the Devices
of the APF ................................................................49
2.3 Introduction to DC Link Voltage Regulation ..................................51
2.3.1 DC Link Voltage Regulation with PI Controller ...............51
2.4 System Performance of p- q and I - I Control Strategies with
d q
PI Controller Using MATLAB®/ Simulink® .....................................53
2.5 System Performance of p- q and I - I Control Strategies with
d q
PI Controller Using a Real- Time Digital Simulator ........................53
2.6 Summary ..............................................................................................60
3. Performance Analysis of SHAF Control Strategies Using Type 1
FLC with Different Fuzzy MFs ..................................................................61
3.1 Type 1 Fuzzy Logic Controller ..........................................................61
3.1.1 Fuzzification ...........................................................................62
3.1.2 Fuzzy Inference Systems ......................................................62
3.1.2.1 Mamdani Max- Min Composition Scheme .........64
3.1.2.2 Mamdani Max- Prod Composition Scheme ........64
3.1.3 Defuzzification .......................................................................64
3.1.3.1 Centroid of Area .....................................................66
3.1.3.2 Bisector of Area ......................................................67
3.1.3.3 Mean, Smallest, and Largest of Maximum .........67
3.1.4 Design of Control Rules ........................................................68
3.1.4.1 Trapezoidal Membership Function .....................68
3.1.4.2 Triangular Membership Function .......................72
3.1.4.3 Gaussian Membership Function ..........................75
3.1.5 Rule Base .................................................................................75
3.2 System Performance of Type 1 FLC- Based p- q Control
Strategy with Different Fuzzy MFs Using MATLAB ....................79
3.3 System Performance of Type 1 FLC- Based I - I Control
d q
Strategy with Different Fuzzy MFs Using MATLAB ....................83
3.4 System Performance of Type 1 FLC- Based p- q Control
Strategy with Different Fuzzy MFs Using a Real- Time
Digital Simulator .................................................................................87
3.5 System Performance of Type 1 FLC- Based I - I Control
d q
Strategy with Different Fuzzy MFs Using a Real- Time
Digital Simulator .................................................................................87
3.6 Comparative Study .............................................................................94
3.7 Summary ..............................................................................................98