Power Engineering: Advances and Challenges. Part A: Thermal, Hydro and Nuclear Power

458 Pages·2018·27.24 MB·English

by  Viorel Badescu

POWER ENGINEERING
Advances and Challenges
Part A: Thermal, Hydro and Nuclear Power
Editors
Viorel Badescu
Candida Oancea Institute
Polytechnic University of Bucharest
Bucharest, Romania
George Cristian Lazaroiu
Department of Power Systems
University Politehnica of Bucharest
Bucharest, Romania
Linda Barelli
Department of Engineering
University of Perugia
Perugia, Italy
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A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
Cover credit: Ch 4-Fig. 17—Author (Maurizio Luigi Cumo and Renato Gatto)
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Foreword
It is indeed a pleasure for me to write a Foreword to this book. As a
seasoned (some say “old”!) theoretician and practitioner in Energy
Systems, I feel, as others do, the need for a continuous renewal of the
tools we can avail ourselves of in this field to keep ourselves updated
on the continuous flow of information about the advancements, both
theoretical and operational, in the general process of energy conversion:
indeed, this is a very active area, not only for the immense economic
implications that new developments have on our everyday life, but also
for the importance that practical implementations have on the well-
being of our human species and on a more balanced—I am tempted to
say “intimate and respectful”—relationship with our environment, be it
mother Earth today or the future worlds we are going to explore in the
not so distant future. In my over 40 years of academic tenure, I have had
the unique opportunity to meet scholars who have literally shaped our
knowledge in the field, and was fortunate enough to learn something
from all of them. The same goes for the present Editors: I met professor
Badescu in the 90s when he was studying solar energy conversion, a topic
in which most of his research focused over the years to come. Some ten
years later, I met professor Lazaroiu, at the time he was completing his
Ph.D. at the Bucuresti Polytechnic in final energy uses and optimization
techniques. And professor Barelli was a graduate student as well when I
first met her at the 2002 ASME-IMECE conference. Since then, of course,
I have studied most of their publications, and could verify first-hand
how their interests were on the one side expanding, and on the other
side converging towards a possible synthesis of their diverse interests
and backgrounds. The last decades saw a growing awareness of climate
change phenomena that resulted in modifications in the social attitudes,
among which were an increasing interest in the preservation of the natural
cycles of the environment and a string concern about the depletion of
fossil energy resources. Consequently, the power production sector was
forced to revise its attitude towards nuclear energy, about the degree of
vi POWER ENGINEERING: Advances and Challenges, Part A
penetration of electricity generated by renewable sources and about the
importance of distributed power generation. Academic scholars and
practicing engineers are still in search for a solution to some very relevant
and poignant problems related to the “value choices” in this topics. New
research directions emerged, and the declared objective of this book is to
present some of them in an analytical, logical and rigorous fashion.
And here we come to the specific reason for which I am glad to introduce
the readers to this book. “Power Engineering: Advances and Challenges”
is a multi-Author compendium of the most relevant and recent techniques
in all of the topics of today’s Energy Conversion Systems. It discusses in
great depth and with broad coverage all of the current issues, from fossil
fuels use (including the most recent developments in environmental
topics), to nuclear power, to the exploitation of geothermal sources, to
renewable sources proper. But it also contains valuable information
about the challenges that each single technology is confronted with: in
this sense, it is not only a “textbook” for graduate students, but a sort
of handbook for both theoreticians and practitioners in the field. Even
the most advanced topics (stationary Fuel Cells and hybrid systems,
biopower technologies, energy plantations value-added options, solid
biomass-hydrogen conversion, tidal power) are treated in detail and with
much dispatch. A series of chapters deals with electrical machines and
sub-systems, including domotics, smart cities and demand response. A
specific chapter is devoted to the analysis of the market operation with
electricity generated by renewable sources, a topic of major and immediate
relevance to the densely populated and energy-hungry Europe.
I am not able to offer detailed comments on every single chapter,
because the broadness of the coverage exceeds by far my own qualifications,
but I call the attention of the perspective readers to what is offered here: an
omni-comprehensive, multi-disciplinary approach that is the essence of
modern research. In today’s very complex and interconnected world, each
single scientific advancement can only be produced by research teams
consisting of several domain experts with a variety of specializations,
and of course the task of the coordinators is that of unifying the results,
of maximizing the synergetic effects, and of directing readers to a better
comprehension of the intertwining of the individual lines of research. This
is a task that the present Editors have definitely achieved, with an amount
of effort and dedication that is very clear to specialists in the field.
I would like to conclude this foreword on a personal note: in 1972,
I graduated with a M.Eng. from the University of Roma with a thesis on
a numerical analysis of a depressurization accident in the cold leg of a
BWR reactor, and my operative advisor was professor Maurizio Cumo,
one of the major experts in nuclear power who earned worldwide respect
Foreword vii
and fame in the nuclear field: he happens to be the author of chapters
3 and 4 in this book. Soon after graduation, I started my working and
teaching peregrinations in Germany and in the US before returning to
my alma mater, but throughout the years I have managed to maintain a
close friendship with him, to whom goes my highest respect as a scientist
and as a person: I am glad to close, so to say, the circle by dedicating this
foreword to him, 45 years after his exhortation to leave for the US to enrol
in a Ph.D. program there.
Enrico Sciubba, Ph.D.
Professor of Turbomachinery and Energy Systems
Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
University of Roma Sapienza

Preface
Power engineering is a subfield of energy engineering and electrical
engineering. It deals with the generation, transmission, distribution and
utilization of electric power and the electrical devices connected to such
systems including generators, motors and transformers. This perception
is associated with the generation of power in large hydraulic, thermal
and nuclear plants and distributed consumption. In the last few decades
mankind has faced the climate change phenomena and seen changes in
social attitudes including interest in environment protection, and the
depletion of classical energy resources. These have had bearings on the
power production sector, and resulted in extensive changes and the need
to adapt.
Future energy systems must take advantage of the changes and
advances in technologies like improvements in natural gas combined
cycles and clean coal technologies, carbon dioxide capture and storage,
advancements in nuclear reactors and hydropower, renewable energy
engineering, power to gas conversion and fuel cells, energy crops, new
energy vectors biomass hydrogen, thermal energy storage, new storage
systems diffusion, modern substations, high voltage engineering
equipment and compatibility, HVDC transmission with FACTS, advanced
optimization in a liberalized market environment, active grids and
smart grids, power system resilience, power quality and cost of supply,
plugin electric vehicles, smart metering, control and communication
technologies, new key actors as prosumers, smart cities. These advances
will enhance the security of power systems, safety in operation, protection
of the environment, high energy efficiency, reliability and sustainability.
The book is a source of information for specialists involved in
power engineering related activities and a good starting point for young
researchers. The content is structured along logical lines of progressive
thought. It presents the current developments and active technological
advances in the main aspects of energy engineering, both in thermal and
electrical engineering, with contributions from highly qualified experts in
each field of study.