Power Electronics for the Next Generation Wind Turbine System

198 Pages·2015·10.426 MB·English

by  Ke Ma (auth.)

RESEARCH
TOPICS
IN WIND
ENERGY 5
Ke Ma
Power Electronics
for the Next
Generation Wind
Turbine System
123
Research Topics in Wind Energy
Volume 5
Series editor
Joachim Peinke, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
About this Series
The series Research Topics in Wind Energy publishes new developments and
advances in the fields of Wind Energy Research and Technology, rapidly and
informally but with a high quality. Wind Energy is a new emerging research field
characterized by a high degree of interdisciplinarity. The intent is to cover all the
technical contents, applications, and multidisciplinary aspects of Wind Energy,
embedded in the fields of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Physics,
Turbulence, Energy Technology, Control, Meteorology and Long-Term Wind
Forecasts, Wind Turbine Technology, System Integration and Energy Economics,
as well as the methodologies behind them. Within the scope of the series are
monographs,lecturenotes,selectedcontributionsfromspecializedconferencesand
workshops, as well as selected PhD theses. Of particular value to both the
contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe and the
worldwidedistribution,whichenablebothwideandrapiddisseminationofresearch
output. The series is promoted under the auspices of the European Academy of
Wind Energy.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11859
Ke Ma
Power Electronics
for the Next Generation Wind
Turbine System
123
Ke Ma
Department ofEnergy Technology
Aalborg University
Aalborg
Denmark
ISSN 2196-7806 ISSN 2196-7814 (electronic)
Research Topicsin Wind Energy
ISBN978-3-319-21247-0 ISBN978-3-319-21248-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21248-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015944177
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
Frontmatterarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor
foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia
(www.springer.com)
Preface
ThestudyforthisbookwascarriedoutduringmyPh.D.intheperiodbetweenJune
2010andApril2013,atDepartmentofEnergyTechnologyinAalborgUniversity,
Denmark. Sophisticated industry and long-term academic focus on wind power is
one of the reasons I came here to do this research. After 3 years of unforgettable
researches and experiences, I startto realize that thelarge-scale utilization of wind
energycouldbefarmorechallengingthanIexpected.Andmoreimportantly,many
oftheproblems aswellasthetechnologypotentialsmayhavenotbeenuncovered
yet in this field.
The purpose of this work is to study the power electronics used for the next
generation wind turbine system. Some criteria and tools for evaluating and
improving thecritical performancesof wind power converters havebeen proposed
and established. It is the hope of the author that this book can address some
emergingproblemsaswellaspossibilitiesforwindpowerconversion,andbecome
an inspired reference for researchers in this field.
IwouldliketoshowgratefulthankstoProf.FredeBlaabjergfortheimpressive
and fruitful discussion during this study. The constructive discussions, patient
corrections, and also continuous encouragements not only contribute to this work,
but also have great influences on my researching, networking, managing, and
supervising. Furthermore, I would like to sincerely acknowledge Prof. Marco
LiserrefromKielUniversity,Germany,forhisinspiredsuggestionsandinvaluable
help during this work. I also want to show regard to Prof. Dehong Xu from
Zhejiang University, China for his supports and concerns, which are precious for
my staying in Denmark.
Aalborg Ke Ma
March 2015
v
Contents
Part I Monograph
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 State-of-the-Art for Wind Power Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Development of Wind Power Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Evolution of Wind Turbine Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Evolution of Power Electronics for Wind
Turbines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Emerging Challenges for Wind Power Converter . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 More Grid Supports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Higher Reliability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.3 Special Cost Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.4 Formulation of Overall Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 Scopes of the Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 Promising Topologies and Power Devices for Wind Power
Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1 Promising Converter Topologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.1 Traditional Two-Level Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.2 Multilevel Converters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1.3 Multi-cell Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Potential Power Semiconductor Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 Criteria and Tools for Evaluating Wind Power Converter . . . . . . 31
3.1 Importance of Thermal Stress in Wind Power Converter . . . . . 31
3.1.1 Thermal Stress Versus Reliability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.2 Thermal Stress Versus Cost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
vii
viii Contents
3.2 Classification and Approach for the Thermal Stress
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.1 Classification of Thermal Stress in Wind Power
Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.2 Methods and Models for Stress Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4 Thermal Stress of 10-MW Wind Power Converter
Under Normal Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.1 Requirements and Conditions Under Normal Operation. . . . . . 45
4.2 Stress of Converter Imposed by Wind Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2.1 Thermal Stress Under Steady-State Wind Speeds. . . . . 47
4.2.2 Thermal Stress Under Wind Speed Variations . . . . . . . 50
4.3 Stress of Converter Imposed by Grid Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.1 Converter Efficiency Considering Reactive
Power Demands by Grid Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.2 Thermal Stress Considering Reactive Power
Demands by Grid Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.4 A Thermal Control Method Utilizing Reactive Power . . . . . . . 55
4.4.1 Control Idea and Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.4.2 Idea to Overcome the Reactive Power Limits . . . . . . . 56
4.4.3 Thermal Stress Considering Extended Q Ranges
in Paralleled Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.4.4 Thermal Control Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5 Stress Analysis of 3L-NPC Wind Power Converter Under
Fault Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.1 Requirements and Conditions Under Fault Operation. . . . . . . . 63
5.2 Stress Analysis of Converter Under LVRT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.2.1 Electrical Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.2.2 Thermal Behaviors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.3 Thermal Redistributed Modulations Under LVRT. . . . . . . . . . 71
5.3.1 Basic Idea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.3.2 A Group of Modulation Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.3.3 Loss and Thermal Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.3.4 Neutral Point Potential Control and Total
Harmonic Distortion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Contents ix
5.4 New Power Control Methods Under Unbalanced
AC Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.4.1 Applicable Conditions and Control Structure. . . . . . . . 81
5.4.2 Control Ideas and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6 Conclusions and Future Works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.1 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.2 Proposals for Future Research Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.1 Used Models for Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.1.1 Wind Speed Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.1.2 Wind Turbine Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.1.3 Generator Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.1.4 Parameter for Thermal Impedance
of Used IGCT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.2 Experimental Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Part II Specially Selected Topics
8 The Impacts of Power Switching Devices to the Thermal
Performances of 10 MW Wind Power NPC Converter. . . . . . . . . 107
8.1 Wind Power Converter for Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
8.2 Thermal-Related Characteristics of Different
Power Switching Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.2.1 Switching Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.2.2 Conduction Voltage and Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
8.2.3 Thermal Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
8.3 Thermal Analysis of Different Device Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . 112
8.3.1 Normal Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
8.3.2 Low-Voltage-Ride-Through Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.3.3 Wind Gust Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
8.3.4 Summary of Thermal Performances
Under Different Operation Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
8.4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9 Reliability-Cost Models for the Power Switching Devices
of Wind Power Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
9.1 Loss Model with Chip Number Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
9.2 Thermal Impedance Model with Chip Number
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
x Contents
9.3 Analytical Solution of Junction Temperature with Chip
Number Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
9.4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
10 Electro-Thermal Model of Power Semiconductors Dedicated
for Both Case and Junction Temperature Estimation. . . . . . . . . . 139
10.1 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
11 Reactive Power Influence on the Thermal Cycling of Multi-MW
Wind Power Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
11.1 Effect of Reactive Power in Case of Single Converter. . . . . . . 146
11.2 Effect of Reactive Power in Case of Paralleled Converters. . . . 152
11.3 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
12 Thermal Loading of Several Multilevel Converter Topologies
for 10 MW Wind Turbines Under Low Voltage
Ride Through. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
12.1 Promising Topologies and Basic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
12.2 Operation Status Under Balanced LVRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
12.3 Loss Distribution Under Balanced LVRT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
12.4 Thermal Distribution Under Balanced LVRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
12.5 Unbalanced LVRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
12.6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
13 Another Groups of Thermal Optimized Modulation Methods
of Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter Under
Low Voltage Ride Through. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
13.1 Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
13.2 Neutral Point Potential Control Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
13.3 Loss and Thermal Performances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
13.4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
14 Limits of the Power Controllability of Three-Phase
Converter with Unbalanced AC Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
14.1 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196