Power Electronics

891 Pages·2014·19.483 MB·English

by  Mandal

Power electronics
About the Author
Soumitra Kumar Mandal has a BE degree in Electrical Engineering from
Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur, and an MTech (Electrical Engineering)
with specialisation in Power Electronics from Indian Institute of Technology
(Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi. He received his PhD degree from
Panjab University, Chandigarh. He started his career as a lecturer of Electrical
Engineering, SSGM College of Engineering, Shegaon. After that he joined as
a lecturer at Panjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, and served there from
March 1999 to January 2004. Presently, he is Associate Professor in Electrical
Engineering at National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training and Research,
Kolkata, since February 2007. He is also a life member of ISTE and a member of IE. In the span of
his academic career, he has published about 25 research papers in national and international journals
and presented many papers in national and international conferences. His research interests are in
the field of computer-controlled drives, microprocessor- and microcontroller-based system design,
embedded system design and neuro-fuzzy computing.
Power electronics
soumitra Kumar Mandal
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Association of Technical Teachers’ Training and Research,
Kolkata, West Bengal
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
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Power Electronics
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contents
Preface xi
1. Introduction to Power Electronics 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 History of Power Electronics 3
1.3 Classification of Power Semiconductor Devices 8
1.4 Applications of Power Electronics Devices 9
1.5 Advantages of Power Electronics Converters 11
1.6 Disadvantages of Power Electronics Converters 11
Summary 13
Multiple-Choice Questions 13
Fill in the Blanks 14
Review Questions 14
2. Power Semiconductor Diodes and Circuits 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Structure of a Power Diode 15
2.3 I-V Characteristics of Power Diode 17
2.4 Conductivity Modulation in Power Diode 19
2.5 Breakdown Voltage of Power Diode in Reverse Bias Condition 20
2.6 Reverse Recovery Characteristics of Power Diode 22
2.7 Comparison Between General Low Power Diode and Power Diode 25
2.8 Schottky Power Diodes 25
2.9 Fast Recovery Power Diodes 27
2.10 Power Diode Ratings 27
Summary 28
Multiple-Choice Questions 29
Fill in the Blanks 30
Review Questions 30
3. Power Transistor 31
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Structure of Power Bipolar Junction Transistor 31
3.3 I-V Characteristics 35
3.4 On State Loss of Power BJT 38
3.5 Safe Operating Area of Power BJT 41
vi Contents
3.6 Series and Parallel Operation of BJT 42
3.7 Switching Characteristics of Power BJT 44
3.8 Power MOSFET 49
3.9 I-V Characteristics of Power MOSFET 52
3.10 On-State Loss Power MOSFET 53
3.11 Safe Operating Area of Power MOSFET 54
3.12 Series and Parallel Operation of Power MOSFET 56
3.13 Switching Characteristics of Power MOSFET 58
3.14 Comparison Between Power MOSFET and Power BJT 60
3.15 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 61
3.16 I-V Characteristics of IGBT 63
3.17 Safe Operating Area of IGBT 67
3.18 Switching Characteristics of IGBT 68
3.19 Comparison Between Power MOSFET and IGBT 71
3.20 Static Induction Transistor (SIT) 72
3.21 Drive Circuits for BJT, MOSFET and IGBT 74
Summary 92
Multiple-Choice Questions 93
Fill in the Blanks 94
Review Questions 95
4. Thyristors 99
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) 99
4.3 Diode Model of Thyristor 103
4.4 Two-Transistor Analogy of Thyristors 103
4.5 Transient Model of Thyristor 105
4.6 Turn-On or Triggering Methods of Thyristor 106
4.7 Switching Characteristics of SCR 107
4.8 Gate Characteristics 112
4.9 Ratings of Thyristor 124
4.10 Voltage Ratings 124
4.11 Current Ratings 126
4.12 Protection of Thyristor 132
4.13 Design of Snubber Circuit 137
4.14 Series and Parallel Connection of Thyristors 142
4.15 Series Connection of Thyristors 143
4.16 Parallel Connection of Thyristors 148
4.17 Triggering Circuits for Thyristors 152
4.18 Unijunction Transistor (UJT) 159
4.19 Relaxation Oscillator 161
4.20 UJT Triggering Circuit 162
4.21 Synchronized UJT Triggering Circuit 163
4.22 RAMP and Pedestal Triggering 165
4.23 Gate Drive Circuit of Thyristor with Isolation 169
4.24 Commutation of Thyristor 182
4.25 DIAC 202
4.26 TRIAC 204
Contents vii
4.27 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) 211
Summary 221
Multiple-Choice Questions 221
Fill in the Blanks 230
Review Questions 231
5. Single-Phase Uncontrolled Rectifiers 241
5.1 Introduction 241
5.2 Classification of Rectifiers 241
5.3 Single-Phase Half-Wave Uncontrolled Converter with Resistive Load 242
5.4 Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit with Transformer Coupled Input 248
5.5 Fourier Series of Output Voltage of a Half-Wave Rectifier 249
5.6 Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit with L Load 250
5.7 Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit with C Load 252
5.8 Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit with RL Load 253
5.9 Single-Phase Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier with RL Load and
Free Wheeling Diode 256
5.10 Battery Charger 258
5.11 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier 261
5.12 Centre-Tapped Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier 261
5.13 Single-Phase Bridge Rectifier 268
5.14 Advantages and Disadvantages of Single-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier 271
5.15 Comparison of Rectifiers 271
5.16 Fourier Series of the Output Voltage of a Full-Wave Rectifier 272
5.17 Single-Phase Full-Wave Uncontrolled Converter with RL Load 272
5.18 Single-Phase Full-Wave Uncontrolled Converter with R-L-E Load 275
5.19 Effect of Transformer Leakage Inductance in Full Wave Rectifier with
R-L Load 278
Summary 280
Multiple-Choice Questions 280
Fill in the Blanks 282
Review Questions 282
6. Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers 286
6.1 Introduction 286
6.2 Classification of Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers 287
6.3 Single-Phase Half-Controlled Converters with R Load 287
6.4 Single-Phase Half-Controlled Converters with RL Load 292
6.5 Single-phase Half-Controlled Converters with RL Load and
Free Wheeling Diode 296
6.6 Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Converters with RE Load 299
6.7 Single-phase Half-Wave Controlled Converters with RLE Load 305
6.8 Single-Phase Full-Wave-Controlled Rectifiers Using Centre Tap Transformer 307
6.9 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier Using Centre Tap Transformer
with R Load 307
6.10 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier Using Centre Tap Transformer
with RL Load 311
6.11 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier Using Centre Tap Transformer
with RL Load and Free Wheeling Diode 315
viii Contents
6.12 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier Using Centre Tap Transformer
with RLE Load 318
6.13 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Bridge Rectifier 321
6.14 Single-Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier with R Load 321
6.15 Single-Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier with RL Load 323
6.16 Single-Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier with Free Wheeling Diode D
f
and RL Load 326
6.17 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Bridge Rectifier with RLE 326
6.18 Single-Phase Half-Controlled Bridge Rectifier with R Load 341
6.19 Single-Phase Half-Controlled Bridge Rectifier with RL Load 343
6.20 Single-Phase Half-Controlled Bridge Rectifier with RLE 348
6.21 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier Using Centre Tap Transformer
with Transformer Leakage Inductance and R-L Load 357
6.22 Effect of Source Inductance in Performance of Single-Phase Full-Wave Controlled
Bridge Rectifier with RL Load 359
6.23 Dual Converters 362
Summary 368
Multiple-Choice Questions 369
Fill in the Blanks 371
Review Questions 372
7. Three-Phase Uncontrolled Rectifiers 376
7.1 Introduction 376
7.2 Three-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier 377
7.3 Six-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier 382
7.4 Multiphase Rectifier 386
7.5 Three-Phase Double Star Rectifier with Inter-Phase Transformer 388
7.6 Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier 389
7.7 Six-Phase Series Bridge Rectifiers 396
7.8 Six-Phase Parallel Bridge Rectifier 400
7.9 Comparative Performance of Different Three Phase Rectifiers 401
Summary 401
Multiple-Choice Questions 401
Fill in the Blanks 402
Review Questions 403
8. Three-Phase Controlled Rectifiers 405
8.1 Introduction 405
8.2 Three-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier 406
8.3 Three-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL Load 417
8.4 Six-Pulse or Six-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier 431
8.5 Multi-Phase Controlled Rectifier 436
8.6 Three-Phase Full-Controlled Bridge Rectifier 439
8.7 Three-Phase Semiconverter 459
8.8 Effect of Source Impedance on the Performance of Three-Phase Full Bridge
Converters 470
8.9 Twelve-Pulse Converters 475
Contents ix
8.10 Three-Phase Dual Converters 477
Summary 483
Multiple-Choice Questions 484
Fill in the Blanks 486
Review Questions 487
9. AC Voltage Controllers and Cycloconverters 491
9.1 Introduction 491
9.2 Integral Cycle Control 492
9.3 Phase-Controlled Single-Phase ac Voltage Controller 496
9.4 Single-Phase Half-Wave ac Voltage Controller With R Load 497
9.5 Single-Phase Full-Wave ac Voltage Controller With R Load 500
9.6 Single-Phase ac Voltage Controller with Resistive and Inductive Load 509
9.7 AC Voltage Controllers with Purely Inductive Load 513
9.8 Three-Phase ac Voltage Controller 521
9.9 Delta-Connected Thyristor and Load Configuration 523
9.10 Delta-Connected R Load Configuration of Three Phase ac Voltage Controller 526
9.11 Three-Phase ac Voltage Controller with Y connected R Load 528
9.12 Applications of ac Voltage Controller 531
9.13 Cycloconverter 538
9.14 Single-Phase to Single-Phase Step-up Cycloconverters 539
9.15 Single-Phase to Single-Phase Step-Down Cycloconverters 543
9.16 Three-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverter 554
9.17 Three-Phase to Three-Phase Cycloconverter 559
9.18 Output Voltage of a Cycloconverter 561
Summary 563
Multiple-Choice Questions 563
Fill in the Blanks 570
Review Questions 571
10. DC-to-DC Converters (Choppers) 575
10.1 Introduction 575
10.2 Operating Principle of dc-to-dc Converter 576
10.3 Control Strategies 577
10.4 Operating Principle of Step-up Chopper 583
10.5 Classification of dc-to-dc Converters or Choppers 586
10.6 Steady-State Analysis of Step-Down Chopper 591
10.7 Non-Isolated dc-to-dc Converters (Choppers) 611
10.8 Isolated dc-to-dc Converters (Choppers) 630
10.9 Voltage or Impulse Commutated Chopper 640
10.10 Load Commutated Chopper 646
10.11 Current Commuted Chopper 651
10.12 Jones Chopper 659
10.13 Morgan Chopper 663
10.14 Multiphase Choppers 664
Summary 668
Multiple-Choice Questions 669
Fill in the Blanks 673
Review Questions 674
x Contents
11. Inverters 679
11.1 Introduction 679
11.2 Classification of Inverters 680
11.3 Performance Parameters of Inverters 682
11.4 Single-Phase Half-Bridge Voltage Source Inverter 682
11.5 Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter 693
11.6 Three-Phase Inverter 706
11.7 Pulse Width Modulated Inverters 720
11.8 Resonant Converters 733
11.9 Classification of Resonant Converters 740
11.10 Voltage Control of Inverters 745
11.11 Harmonic Reduction in Output Voltage of Inverter 748
11.12 McMurray Half-Bridge Inverter (Auxiliary Impulse Commuted Inverter) 753
11.13 Modified McMurray Half-Bridge Inverter 756
11.14 McMurray Full-Bridge Inverter 762
11.15 Modified McMurray Full-Bridge Inverter 763
11.16 McMurray Bedford Half-Bridge Inverter 765
11.17 McMurray Bedford Full-Bridge Inverter 770
11.18 Current Source Inverter 770
11.19 Comparison Between Voltage Source Inverter and Current Source Inverter 778
Summary 779
Multiple-Choice Questions 779
Fill in the Blanks 784
Review Questions 785
12. Applications of Power Electronics in Electrical Drives, Power Factor
Improvement, UPS 790
12.1 Introduction 790
12.2 DC Motor Drives 791
12.3 Single-Phase dc Drive 795
12.4 Three-Phase dc Drives 806
12.5 DC-to-dc Converter (Chopper) Fed dc Drives 820
12.6 Two-Quadrant Chopper-Fed dc Drives 831
12.7 Four-Quadrant Chopper-Fed dc Drives 832
12.8 AC Drives 833
12.9 Induction Motor Drives 835
12.10 Speed Control of Three-Phase Induction Motor 840
12.11 Synchronous Motor Drives 855
12.12 Power Factor Improvement 863
12.13 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) 868
Summary 869
Multiple-Choice Questions 869
Fill in the Blanks 872
Review Questions 873