Poultry Feed from Waste: Processing and use PDF
Preview Poultry Feed from Waste: Processing and use
Poultry Feed from Waste Poultry Feed from Waste Processing and use A.R.Y. El Boushy and A.F.B. van der PoeI Department of Animal Nutrition, Wageningcn Agricultura] University, The Netherlands SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA. B.v' First edition 1994 © 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1994 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1994 Typeset in 1O/12pt Palatino by Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong ISBN 978-1-4613-6140-4 ISBN 978-1-4615-2654-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2654-4 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permis sion in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concern ing reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 93-74449 § Printed on acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSIINISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Dedicated to Professors M.T. Ragab To the Memory of the Former Head of Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. M. Van Albada To the Memory of the Former Head of Department of Poultry Science, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. c. C. Oosterlee Professor Emeritus of Department of Animal Science and Former Vice-Chancellor ofWageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands . . . . whose teachings will be found reflected in many pages of this book. and to my wife Therese. Adel El Boushy Contents Foreword IX Preface xi 1 The benefit of feed from waste 1 1.1 General introduction 1 1.2 Analytical studies and estimates of food and waste 6 production 1.3 Benefits derived from the use of feed from waste 15 1.4 Increase of population and the shortage of food supply 19 1.5 The role of developed countries supporting developing 28 market economies 1.6 Conclusions 30 References 31 2 Dried poultry waste 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Dried poultry waste 36 2.3 Biological conversion methods to improve cage layer 47 manure References 76 3 Protein recovery from wastewater in poultry processing 83 plants 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Processing of the recovered protein effluent 88 3.3 Chemical analysis and nutritive value 92 3.4 Its use in feeding 94 3.5 Biohazards of recovered sludge 96 References 97 4 Poultry by-products 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Feather meal 101 4.3 Poultry by-product meal 139 4.4 Hatchery by-products 149 4.5 Shell waste from egg-breaking plants 155 4.6 Biohazards of poultry by-products 157 References 157 viii Contents 5 Hide and tanning waste by-products 165 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 Technological aspects 166 5.3 Chemical analysis and nutritive value 176 5.4 Its use as a feedstuff 182 References 185 6 Fruit, vegetable and brewers' waste 187 6.1 General introduction 188 6.2 Tomato residues 192 6.3 Citrus pulp 204 6.4 Potato residues 224 6.5 Grape and wine residues 263 6.6 Date residues 276 6.7 Apple residues 286 6.8 Mango seed 293 6.9 Guava seed 302 6.10 Brewers' dried grains 306 References 328 7 Municipal refuse 341 7.1 Introduction 341 7.2 Processing of municipal refuse 346 7.3 Chemical analysis and nutritive value 354 7.4 Municipal refuse in the nutrition of poultry 361 References 373 8 Palatability and feed intake regulations 377 8.1 Introduction 377 8.2 Sensory involvement in controlling feed intake 378 8.3 Palatability and feed acceptability 405 References 423 Index 431 Foreword In developed market economies with intensive animal production systems, such as The Netherlands, many new feedstuffs have been introduced as part of the diets of ruminant and monogastric animals. These new feedstuffs are often by-products of human food processing. It is important that these by-products and also the by-products from wastes are properly evaluated with regard to the possibilities of incor porating them into livestock diets. Research on the subject of feed from waste, its processing and its use in the nutrition of poultry has increased considerably during the last decade. The Department of Animal Nutrition of Wageningen Agricul tural University (WAU), Wageningen, The Netherlands, in close co operation with the Poultry Feeding and the Processing Industry, has been active in this field. In order to update research and to expedite further work in this field, a comprehensive review of the literature on the subject of feed from waste was made. Such a study would not only bring the industry up to date on the subject but could also indicate specific topics which may be of great value for developing market economies. Poultry scientists and technologists suggested that a review would fill a need as a reference and textbook, not only for the industry but also for undergraduates and graduates of agricultural colleges and extension services all over the world. The theories developed and results obtained from the research in our department are included in the various chapters of this book. A list of relevant references, with emphasis on papers and reviews, giving a comprehensive citation of the literature, has been provided for students and investigators who may wish to make a detailed study on various aspects of feed from waste as a feedstuff. Particular consideration has been given to the evaluation of research results obtained in the past and to the problems remaining to be solved. The continuous efforts of Dr A.R. El Boushy, senior lecturer in poultry nutrition, and Dr ir A.F.B. van der Poel, lecturer in ani mal feed science and technology, who are both members of the Department of Animal Nutrition, Wageningen Agricultural Uni versity, Wageningen, The Netherlands, in writing this book are greatly appreciated. x Foreword On behalf of the WAU, Wageningen, The Netherlands, we are indebted to research workers throughout the world who have con ducted the research from which the results and the principles outlined in this book are derived. Professor Dr ir M.W.A. Verstegen Monogastric Nutrition Professor Dr ir S. Tamminga Ruminant Nutrition Preface Much of the world's human population suffers from malnutrition. In the developing market economies in particular, this is a great problem and the gap between the developed and developing regions tends to increase rather than to decrease. Accordingly, much effort is being made to study the possibilities of utilizing agricultural, animal and industrial waste in the nutrition of poultry. As a consequence, there can be a reduction in the use of traditional feed ingredients such as maize, wheat and soybeans that can also be consumed by humans. By using converted biological waste as an animal feed, a new industry and market can be established and pollution can be lowered in developing as well as developed countries. This may be reflected in the national income. Besides this, low-cost poultry meat and eggs will be available and will assist in reducing hunger by lowering the competition between humans and poultry for food. In recent years several books have been published on various aspects of non-traditional feed. However, a com prehensive study in the field of processing and poultry nutrition has not been published previously. This book has been written to describe the potential of nutrient recovery from wastes such as poultry manure, slaughter waste, sludge recovered from wastewater, tannery waste, municipal waste, fruit and vegetable wastes, and their integration in poultry feeding systems. Numerous processing methods, technologies and systems (dehy drations, chemical and mechanical treatments, biodegradation to improve the nutritive value by using insects and earthworm cultures, and other complex recycling systems) are described as potential methods to manufacture feed from waste depending on the origin of the waste material. Results are described and evaluated according to their chemical analysis, nutritive value, reliability, applicability and use as a feedstuff for poultry. Industrial processes involving the regular application of treatments of the original product as well as the conver sion of the wastes into protein or carbohydrate sources are described. Since the sensory quality of feed ingredients has a considerable influence on feed consumption in poultry, a separate chapter deals with the palatability of feed from waste. In addition to the appearance and texture of feed ingredients as components of sensory quality, xii Preface special attention has been paid to taste. The ability of the birds of taste, with a physiological and histological background, has been discussed in detail. The use of high intensity sweeteners to improve palatability of waste is also discussed. This book has been written to serve as a textbook for undergraduates, a ready reference and textbook for graduate students, and a source of information for the research worker, the practical nutritionist and tech nologist. This book can also be of considerable value for teaching, in extension work and in providing advice concerning the technical aspects to the feed industry and related agribusiness. The selected lists of references at the end of each chapter provide the reader with maximal entry to the literature covering the extensive research reports on processing and nutrition. Comprehensive compi lation of the literature was minimized and the presentation of literature data was based on interpretation or correlation of research findings. The authors are indebted to research workers throughout the world who have initiated the experimental and practical research from which the principles outlined in this book are derived. We wish to thank and acknowledge our colleagues at Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, for their kind help during the writing of this book. We would like to express our sincere appreciation to Mrs T.M.S. El Boushy for typing the whole manuscript and to Mrs Y.S. Abeln, member of the Centre for Agricul tural Publishing and Documentation, for her continuous supply of literature and documentation. Special thanks go to the head of the Sector of Animal Production, Mr J. Wien, and his staff members, Mr W.J.A Valen for taking the photographs and Mr K. Boekhorst for the excellent drawings and layouts delivered. For the library facilities, the efficient support of Mrs AM. Zijlmans and Mrs L.M. T. Zeeuwen is acknowledged. The computing work of the FAO data was made possible with the continuous support of Mr P.L. van der Togt. The authors acknowledge the publication of this book and are con vinced that it can serve as a textbook, a research reference, and a useful guide to feed from waste, and its processing and use as a feedstuff for all classes of poultry. AR. EI Boushy A.F.B. van der Poel
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