Table Of Content

PostgreSQL 7.2 Administrator’s Guide The PostgreSQL Global Development Group PostgreSQL7.2Administrator’sGuide byThePostgreSQLGlobalDevelopmentGroup Copyright©1996-2001byThePostgreSQLGlobalDevelopmentGroup LegalNotice PostgreSQLisCopyright©1996-2001bythePostgreSQLGlobalDevelopmentGroupandisdistributedunderthetermsofthelicenseofthe UniversityofCaliforniabelow. Postgres95isCopyright©1994-5bytheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia. Permissiontouse,copy,modify,anddistributethissoftwareanditsdocumentationforanypurpose,withoutfee,andwithoutawrittenagreement isherebygranted,providedthattheabovecopyrightnoticeandthisparagraphandthefollowingtwoparagraphsappearinallcopies. INNOEVENTSHALLTHEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIABELIABLETOANYPARTYFORDIRECT,INDIRECT,SPECIAL,INCI- DENTAL,ORCONSEQUENTIALDAMAGES,INCLUDINGLOSTPROFITS,ARISINGOUTOFTHEUSEOFTHISSOFTWAREANDITS DOCUMENTATION,EVENIFTHEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAHASBEENADVISEDOFTHEPOSSIBILITYOFSUCHDAMAGE. THEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIASPECIFICALLYDISCLAIMSANYWARRANTIES,INCLUDING,BUTNOTLIMITEDTO,THEIM- PLIEDWARRANTIESOFMERCHANTABILITYANDFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.THESOFTWAREPROVIDEDHERE- UNDERISONAN“AS-IS”BASIS,ANDTHEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAHASNOOBLIGATIONSTOPROVIDEMAINTENANCE, SUPPORT,UPDATES,ENHANCEMENTS,ORMODIFICATIONS. Table of Contents Preface........................................................................................................................................................x 1.WhatisPostgreSQL?.....................................................................................................................x 2.AShortHistoryofPostgreSQL.....................................................................................................x 2.1.TheBerkeleyPOSTGRESProject...................................................................................xi 2.2.Postgres95.........................................................................................................................xi 2.3.PostgreSQL.....................................................................................................................xii 3.DocumentationResources..........................................................................................................xiii 4.TerminologyandNotation..........................................................................................................xiv 5.BugReportingGuidelines...........................................................................................................xiv 5.1.IdentifyingBugs..............................................................................................................xv 5.2.Whattoreport..................................................................................................................xv 5.3.Wheretoreportbugs....................................................................................................xvii 6.Y2KStatement.........................................................................................................................xviii 1.InstallationInstructions........................................................................................................................1 1.1.ShortVersion...............................................................................................................................1 1.2.Requirements..............................................................................................................................1 1.3.GettingTheSource.....................................................................................................................2 1.4.IfYouAreUpgrading.................................................................................................................2 1.5.InstallationProcedure.................................................................................................................3 1.6.Post-InstallationSetup................................................................................................................9 1.6.1.SharedLibraries............................................................................................................10 1.6.2.EnvironmentVariables.................................................................................................10 1.7.SupportedPlatforms..................................................................................................................11 2.InstallationonWindows......................................................................................................................16 3.ServerRuntimeEnvironment.............................................................................................................17 3.1.ThePostgreSQLuseraccount...................................................................................................17 3.2.Creatingadatabasecluster........................................................................................................17 3.3.Startingthedatabaseserver.......................................................................................................18 3.3.1.ServerStart-upFailures................................................................................................20 3.3.2.ClientConnectionProblems.........................................................................................21 3.4.Run-timeconfiguration.............................................................................................................21 3.4.1.PlannerandOptimizerTuning......................................................................................22 3.4.2.LoggingandDebugging...............................................................................................24 3.4.3.Generaloperation.........................................................................................................26 3.4.4.WAL.............................................................................................................................30 3.4.5.Shortoptions.................................................................................................................31 3.5.ManagingKernelResources.....................................................................................................32 3.5.1.SharedMemoryandSemaphores.................................................................................32 3.5.2.ResourceLimits............................................................................................................36 3.6.Shuttingdowntheserver...........................................................................................................37 3.7.SecureTCP/IPConnectionswithSSL......................................................................................38 3.8.SecureTCP/IPConnectionswithSSHtunnels.........................................................................39 iii 4.ClientAuthentication...........................................................................................................................41 4.1.Thepg_hba.conffile..............................................................................................................41 4.2.Authenticationmethods............................................................................................................45 4.2.1.Trustauthentication......................................................................................................45 4.2.2.Passwordauthentication...............................................................................................45 4.2.3.Kerberosauthentication................................................................................................46 4.2.4.Ident-basedauthentication............................................................................................47 4.3.Authenticationproblems...........................................................................................................48 5.Localization..........................................................................................................................................50 5.1.LocaleSupport..........................................................................................................................50 5.1.1.Overview......................................................................................................................50 5.1.2.Benefits.........................................................................................................................51 5.1.3.Problems.......................................................................................................................52 5.2.MultibyteSupport.....................................................................................................................52 5.2.1.EnablingMultibyteSupport.........................................................................................53 5.2.2.SettingtheEncoding.....................................................................................................54 5.2.3.Automaticencodingtranslationbetweenserverandclient..........................................55 5.2.4.AboutUnicode..............................................................................................................57 5.2.5.Whathappensifthetranslationisnotpossible?..........................................................57 5.2.6.References....................................................................................................................57 5.2.7.History..........................................................................................................................57 5.2.8.WIN1250onWindows/ODBC.....................................................................................59 5.3.Single-bytecharactersetrecoding............................................................................................60 6.ManagingDatabases............................................................................................................................61 6.1.CreatingaDatabase..................................................................................................................61 6.1.1.TemplateDatabases......................................................................................................61 6.1.2.AlternativeLocations...................................................................................................62 6.2.DestroyingaDatabase...............................................................................................................64 7.DatabaseUsersandPermissions........................................................................................................65 7.1.DatabaseUsers..........................................................................................................................65 7.1.1.Userattributes...............................................................................................................65 7.2.Groups.......................................................................................................................................66 7.3.Privileges...................................................................................................................................66 7.4.FunctionsandTriggers..............................................................................................................67 8.RoutineDatabaseMaintenanceTasks...............................................................................................68 8.1.GeneralDiscussion...................................................................................................................68 8.2.RoutineVacuuming...................................................................................................................68 8.2.1.Recoveringdiskspace..................................................................................................68 8.2.2.Updatingplannerstatistics...........................................................................................69 8.2.3.PreventingtransactionIDwraparoundfailures............................................................70 8.3.LogFileMaintenance...............................................................................................................71 iv 9.BackupandRestore.............................................................................................................................73 9.1.SQLDump................................................................................................................................73 9.1.1.Restoringthedump.......................................................................................................73 9.1.2.Usingpg_dumpall.......................................................................................................74 9.1.3.LargeDatabases............................................................................................................74 9.1.4.Caveats..........................................................................................................................75 9.2.Filesystemlevelbackup...........................................................................................................76 9.3.Migrationbetweenreleases.......................................................................................................76 10.MonitoringDatabaseActivity..........................................................................................................78 10.1.StandardUnixTools................................................................................................................78 10.2.StatisticsCollector..................................................................................................................79 10.2.1.StatisticsCollectionConfiguration.............................................................................79 10.2.2.ViewingCollectedStatistics.......................................................................................79 11.Write-AheadLogging(WAL)...........................................................................................................84 11.1.GeneralDescription................................................................................................................84 11.1.1.ImmediateBenefitsofWAL.......................................................................................84 11.1.2.FutureBenefits............................................................................................................84 11.2.Implementation.......................................................................................................................85 11.2.1.DatabaseRecoverywithWAL...................................................................................85 11.3.WALConfiguration.................................................................................................................86 12.DiskStorage.......................................................................................................................................88 13.DatabaseFailures...............................................................................................................................89 13.1.DiskFilled...............................................................................................................................89 13.2.DiskFailed..............................................................................................................................89 14.RegressionTests.................................................................................................................................90 14.1.Introduction.............................................................................................................................90 14.2.RunningtheTests....................................................................................................................90 14.3.TestEvaluation........................................................................................................................91 14.3.1.Errormessagedifferences..........................................................................................91 14.3.2.Localedifferences.......................................................................................................92 14.3.3.Dateandtimedifferences...........................................................................................92 14.3.4.Floating-pointdifferences...........................................................................................92 14.3.5.Polygondifferences....................................................................................................93 14.3.6.Roworderingdifferences...........................................................................................93 14.3.7.The“random”test.......................................................................................................93 14.4.Platform-specificcomparisonfiles..........................................................................................94 A.ReleaseNotes.......................................................................................................................................95 A.1.Release7.2...............................................................................................................................95 A.1.1.Overview......................................................................................................................95 A.1.2.Migrationtoversion7.2..............................................................................................95 A.1.3.Changes.......................................................................................................................96 A.1.3.1.ServerOperation.............................................................................................96 A.1.3.2.Performance....................................................................................................96 A.1.3.3.Privileges.........................................................................................................97 A.1.3.4.ClientAuthentication......................................................................................97 A.1.3.5.ServerConfiguration.......................................................................................97 v A.1.3.6.Queries............................................................................................................97 A.1.3.7.SchemaManipulation.....................................................................................98 A.1.3.8.UtilityCommands...........................................................................................98 A.1.3.9.DataTypesandFunctions...............................................................................98 A.1.3.10.Internationalization.......................................................................................99 A.1.3.11.PL/pgSQL...................................................................................................100 A.1.3.12.PL/Perl........................................................................................................100 A.1.3.13.PL/Tcl..........................................................................................................100 A.1.3.14.PL/Python...................................................................................................100 A.1.3.15.Psql..............................................................................................................100 A.1.3.16.Libpq...........................................................................................................100 A.1.3.17.JDBC...........................................................................................................101 A.1.3.18.ODBC..........................................................................................................101 A.1.3.19.ECPG..........................................................................................................102 A.1.3.20.Misc.Interfaces...........................................................................................102 A.1.3.21.BuildandInstall..........................................................................................102 A.1.3.22.SourceCode................................................................................................102 A.1.3.23.Contrib........................................................................................................103 A.2.Release7.1.3..........................................................................................................................103 A.2.1.Migrationtoversion7.1.3.........................................................................................103 A.2.2.Changes.....................................................................................................................103 A.3.Release7.1.2..........................................................................................................................104 A.3.1.Migrationtoversion7.1.2.........................................................................................104 A.3.2.Changes.....................................................................................................................104 A.4.Release7.1.1..........................................................................................................................104 A.4.1.Migrationtoversion7.1.1.........................................................................................104 A.4.2.Changes.....................................................................................................................105 A.5.Release7.1.............................................................................................................................105 A.5.1.Migrationtoversion7.1............................................................................................106 A.5.2.Changes.....................................................................................................................106 A.6.Release7.0.3..........................................................................................................................109 A.6.1.Migrationtoversion7.0.3.........................................................................................110 A.6.2.Changes.....................................................................................................................110 A.7.Release7.0.2..........................................................................................................................111 A.7.1.Migrationtoversion7.0.2.........................................................................................111 A.7.2.Changes.....................................................................................................................111 A.8.Release7.0.1..........................................................................................................................111 A.8.1.Migrationtoversion7.0.1.........................................................................................111 A.8.2.Changes.....................................................................................................................111 A.9.Release7.0.............................................................................................................................112 A.9.1.Migrationtoversion7.0............................................................................................113 A.9.2.Changes.....................................................................................................................113 A.10.Release6.5.3........................................................................................................................119 A.10.1.Migrationtoversion6.5.3.......................................................................................119 A.10.2.Changes...................................................................................................................120 A.11.Release6.5.2........................................................................................................................120 A.11.1.Migrationtoversion6.5.2.......................................................................................120 A.11.2.Changes...................................................................................................................120 vi A.12.Release6.5.1........................................................................................................................121 A.12.1.Migrationtoversion6.5.1.......................................................................................121 A.12.2.Changes...................................................................................................................121 A.13.Release6.5...........................................................................................................................122 A.13.1.Migrationtoversion6.5..........................................................................................123 A.13.1.1.Multi-VersionConcurrencyControl...........................................................123 A.13.2.Changes...................................................................................................................123 A.14.Release6.4.2........................................................................................................................127 A.14.1.Migrationtoversion6.4.2.......................................................................................127 A.14.2.Changes...................................................................................................................127 A.15.Release6.4.1........................................................................................................................127 A.15.1.Migrationtoversion6.4.1.......................................................................................127 A.15.2.Changes...................................................................................................................127 A.16.Release6.4...........................................................................................................................128 A.16.1.Migrationtoversion6.4..........................................................................................129 A.16.2.Changes...................................................................................................................129 A.17.Release6.3.2........................................................................................................................133 A.17.1.Changes...................................................................................................................133 A.18.Release6.3.1........................................................................................................................134 A.18.1.Changes...................................................................................................................134 A.19.Release6.3...........................................................................................................................135 A.19.1.Migrationtoversion6.3..........................................................................................136 A.19.2.Changes...................................................................................................................136 A.20.Release6.2.1........................................................................................................................139 A.20.1.Migrationfromversion6.2toversion6.2.1............................................................140 A.20.2.Changes...................................................................................................................140 A.21.Release6.2...........................................................................................................................141 A.21.1.Migrationfromversion6.1toversion6.2...............................................................141 A.21.2.Migrationfromversion1.x toversion6.2..............................................................141 A.21.3.Changes...................................................................................................................141 A.22.Release6.1.1........................................................................................................................143 A.22.1.Migrationfromversion6.1toversion6.1.1............................................................143 A.22.2.Changes...................................................................................................................143 A.23.Release6.1...........................................................................................................................144 A.23.1.Migrationtoversion6.1..........................................................................................144 A.23.2.Changes...................................................................................................................145 A.24.Release6.0...........................................................................................................................146 A.24.1.Migrationfromversion1.09toversion6.0.............................................................147 A.24.2.Migrationfrompre-1.09toversion6.0...................................................................147 A.24.3.Changes...................................................................................................................147 A.25.Release1.09.........................................................................................................................149 A.26.Release1.02.........................................................................................................................149 A.26.1.Migrationfromversion1.02toversion1.02.1........................................................149 A.26.2.Dump/ReloadProcedure..........................................................................................150 A.26.3.Changes...................................................................................................................150 A.27.Release1.01.........................................................................................................................151 A.27.1.Migrationfromversion1.0toversion1.01.............................................................151 A.27.2.Changes...................................................................................................................153 vii A.28.Release1.0...........................................................................................................................153 A.28.1.Changes...................................................................................................................154 A.29.Postgres95Release0.03.......................................................................................................154 A.29.1.Changes...................................................................................................................155 A.30.Postgres95Release0.02.......................................................................................................157 A.30.1.Changes...................................................................................................................157 A.31.Postgres95Release0.01.......................................................................................................158 Bibliography...........................................................................................................................................159 Index........................................................................................................................................................161 viii List of Tables 3-1.Shortoptionkey.................................................................................................................................31 3-2.SystemVIPCparameters...................................................................................................................33 5-1.CharacterSetEncodings....................................................................................................................53 5-2.Client/ServerCharacterSetEncodings..............................................................................................55 10-1.StandardStatisticsViews.................................................................................................................80 10-2.StatisticsAccessFunctions..............................................................................................................81 List of Examples 4-1.Anexamplepg_hba.conffile..........................................................................................................44 4-2.Anexamplepg_ident.conffile.....................................................................................................48 ix Preface 1. What is PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) based on POSTGRES, Version 4.21, developed at the University of California at Berkeley Computer Science Department. The POSTGRES project, led by Professor Michael Stonebraker, was sponsored by the Defense Advanced ResearchProjectsAgency(DARPA),theArmyResearchOffice(ARO),theNationalScienceFoundation (NSF),andESL,Inc. PostgreSQLisanopen-sourcedescendantofthisoriginalBerkeleycode.ItprovidesSQL92/SQL99lan- guagesupportandothermodernfeatures. POSTGRESpioneeredmanyoftheobject-relationalconceptsnowbecomingavailableinsomecommer- cialdatabases.Traditionalrelationaldatabasemanagementsystems(RDBMS)supportadatamodelcon- sistingofacollectionofnamedrelations,containingattributesofaspecifictype.Incurrentcommercial systems,possibletypesincludefloatingpointnumbers,integers,characterstrings,money,anddates.Itis commonlyrecognizedthatthismodelisinadequateforfuturedata-processingapplications.Therelational model successfully replaced previous models in part because of its “Spartan simplicity”. However, this simplicitymakestheimplementationofcertainapplicationsverydifficult.PostgreSQLofferssubstantial additional power by incorporating the following additional concepts in such a way that users can easily extendthesystem: • inheritance • datatypes • functions Otherfeaturesprovideadditionalpowerandflexibility: • constraints • triggers • rules • transactionalintegrity These features put PostgreSQL into the category of databases referred to as object-relational. Note that thisisdistinctfromthosereferredtoasobject-oriented,whichingeneralarenotaswellsuitedtosupport- ingtraditionalrelationaldatabaselanguages.So,althoughPostgreSQLhassomeobject-orientedfeatures, itisfirmlyintherelationaldatabaseworld.Infact,somecommercialdatabaseshaverecentlyincorporated featurespioneeredbyPostgreSQL. 1. http://s2k-ftp.CS.Berkeley.EDU:8000/postgres/postgres.html x

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PostgreSQL 7.2 Administrator's Guide by The PostgreSQL Global Development Group What is PostgreSQL? GNU make (instead of BSD make) was used for the build. Also contrib/xml XML conversion utility (John Gray).
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PostgreSQL 7.2 Administrator's Guide by The PostgreSQL Global Development Group What is PostgreSQL? GNU make (instead of BSD make) was used for the build. Also contrib/xml XML conversion utility (John Gray).

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