Pork Production Systems: Efficient Use of Swine and Feed Resources

444 Pages·1991·12.07 MB·English

by  Wilson G. Pond

Porl{
Production
Systems
E.fficient Use ofS wine
and Feed Resources
Pathogens
SWINE
FEED ~~PORK
Facilities Schedule Labor
Explanation of Frontispiece
Pork production is accomplished by the synchronization and conversion of swine
breeding stock and feed resources minimizing antagonistic effects of weather and
pathogens. Producers and researchers have developed systems of facilities and
labor coordinated with appropriate scheduling of management and husbandry
practices to support this conversion and to counteract the negative forces. The
objective is efficient and, thus, profitable utilization of swine, feed, facility, labor,
and capital resources to obtain nutritious lean products for the consumer. This
book strives to provide the current biological knowledge and principles to support
the design and implementation of improved systems of the future.
Porl{
Production
Systems
Efficient Use of Swine
and Feed Resources
Wilson G. Pond
United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural
Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research
Center, Houston, Texas
Jerome H. Maner
Winrock International, Morrilton, Arkansas
Dewey L. Harris
United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural
Research Service, Roman L. Hruska United States
Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska
An i\Vi Book
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
AnAVI Book
Copyright © 1991 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Van Nostrand Reinhold in 1991
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1991
ISBN 978-1-4613-6754-3
Ali rights reserved. No part ofthis work covered by the copyright,hereon may be reproduced or
used in any form by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopyÎng,
recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission of the
publisher.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Pond, Wilson G., 1930-
Pork production systems: efficient use of swine and feed
resources / Wilson G. Pond, Jerome H. Maner, Dewey L. Harris.
p. cm.
"An AVI book"-T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-6754-3 ISBN 978-1-4615-3932-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3932-2
1. Swine. 2. Swine-Feeding and feeds. 3. Pork. 4. Swine-
-United States. 1. Maner, J. H., 1935- . D. Hanis, Dewey L., 1933
III. Title.
SF395.P56 1991
636.4'0855-dc20 90-47270
CIP
We dedicate this book to our respective
mentors, Dr. J. C. Hillier, Professor Emeritus,
Oklahoma State University, Dr. J. K. Loosi,
Professor Emeritus, Cornell University, and
Dr. L. N. Hazel, Professor Emeritus, Iowa
State University, with deep appreciation for
their influence and caring guidance. We
humbly acknowledge that each of us "drinks
from wells dug by others." We further
dedicate it to our wives (Marsha Pond and
Jeanne Harris) and mother (Gladys Maner)
whose loving kindness, perseverance, and
enduring reassurance and support have been
inspirational through the years.
Contents
Preface / xiii
1. The Pig: Past, Present, and Future /
1
Domestication / 1
Alternative Protein Sources for Humans / 5
Pig Population Distribution in the United States / 7
Human Population Distribution in the United States / 7
Life Cycle and General Characteristics of the Pig / 8
Chromosomes / 8
Body Size / 9
Behavior Traits / 9
Gross Anatomy / 11
Plasticity of the Pig / 12
Hair and Skin Color / 13
Future Prospects for Swine and Products / 15
References / 18
2. Pork as Human Food / 21
Nutrient Composition of Pork / 21
Properties Affecting the Acceptability of Pork to Humans / 32
References / 40
vii
viii CONTENTS
3. Production Systems: Perspective
and Components /
43
The Systems Perspective / 44
System Inputs and Expenses / 46
Controllable Inputs / 46
Extraneous Influences / 50
Environmental Modification / 51
Animal Performance / 59
Facility Utilization / 63
Product(s) Output from System / 64
References / 66
4. Prenatal Development / 67
Fertilization / 67
Implantation / 69
Differentiation of Organs / 70
Development of the Circulatory System and Blood Cells / 72
Placenta and Fetal Membranes / 73
Growth of the Fetus / 77
Adaptations at Birth / 79
References / 80
5. Postnatal Growth and Development / 83
Methods of Expressing Growth / 83
Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy / 85
Body Weight Gain as a Measure of Growth / 88
Birth Weight and Litter Size / 88
Blood Glucose / 91
Body Temperature Control and Climatic Physiology / 92
Digestion and Absorption of Food / 93
Special Considerations Related to Digestive System
Development / 94
Rate of Passage of Feed Residues / 97
Intestinal Microftora / 97
Blood and Circulation / 98
CONTENTS ix
Hematology / 99
Dentition / 101
Changes in Body Composition with Time / 102
References / 107
6. Genetics and Breeding Systems / 111
Relation between Breeding and Production / 111
Impact of Genetics and Statistics / 117
Systematic Swine Breeding / 122
Crossbreeding Systems and the Pyramid / 125
Genetic Improvement by Selection / 129
Swine Testing and Genetic Evaluation System (STAGES) / 132
Persistent Myths / 139
References / 140
7. Reproduction and Lactation / 143
THE FEMALE / 143
Anatomy of the Reproductive Tract / 144
Puberty / 145
Estrous Cycle / 145
Artificial Control of the Estrous Cycle / 146
Ovulation / 147
Factors Affecting Ovulation Rate and Time of Estrus / 149
Embryo Transfer / 150
Movement and Survival of Sperm in the Female Reproductive
Tract / 151
Conception Rate / 151
Duration of Gestation / 151
Prenatal Deaths: Uterine Capacity and Litter Size / 152
Parturition / 153
THE MALE / 154
Anatomy of the Reproductive Tract / 154
Puberty and Sexual Behavior / 156
Artificial Insemination and Semen Production / 158
Composition of Semen / 160
X CONTENTS
Sperm Survival and Storage / 160
Lactation and Milk Yield / 162
Composition / 164
Mammary Glands / 168
References / 168
8. Nutrition and Feed Formulation / 175
Practical Swine Feeding / 175
Nutrients Required by Swine / 176
Clinical Signs of Nutrient Deficiencies / 177
Quantitative Nutrient Requirements in Life Cycle Feeding / 194
Nutritional Diseases / 206
Nutrient Toxicity Diseases / 211
Metabolic Diseases / 212
Types of Feed Processing / 215
Diet Formulation / 218
Classification of Feedstuffs / 220
References / 226
9. Feedstuffs / 229
ENERGY SOURCES / 229
Grain and Grain By-Products / 229
Distillery and Brewery By-Products / 244
Roots, Tubers, Fats, and Other Energy Sources / 245
PROTEIN SOURCES / 260
Animal Proteins / 260
Plant Proteins / 269
Other Protein Sources / 282
Mineral and Vitamin Sources and Nonnutritive Feed
Additives / 289
References / 308
10. Production Systems: Design and Management / 319
Designing a Pork Production System / 319
Husbandry Practices / 329
CONTENTS xi
Managing a Pork Production System / 332
References / 342
11. The Future of Pork Production / 343
Industry Trends / 343
Animal Performance / 345
Animal Welfare / 348
Computerized Decision Support / 349
References / 353
Appendices
1. Swine Industry Directory / 355
2. Conversion Tables / 375
3. USDA Standardsfor Slaughter and Feeder Pigs /
381
4. Glossaries of Terms Used in Pork Production, Feed
Processing, and Breeding and Genetics /
385
Sa. Pork Industry Handbook: Table of Contents,
January, 1991 / 427
Sb. National Swine Improvement Federation Swine
Genetics Fact Sheets: Table of Contents / 431
Index / 433