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Right now, get free shipping at SimpliSafe.com/sci CONTENTS A bridge to The mileage of our Earth’s quickest The carbon cost Teleportation Our last Humankind’s most the future extra terrestrial critters of travel, in trees that’ll kill you sips of oil daring journeys p. 12 autos p. 14 p. 16 p. 18 p. 19 p. 20 p. 21 The health effects How coffee and One day, Snaking transit A delightful Sole-saving shoes A bomb car stereo of extreme sports tea traveled the 125,798 flights through ancient mini motorcycle for every terrain louder than the car p. 22 globe p. 24 p. 26 history p. 28 p. 32 p. 34 p. 35 Baggage to The best head- An engine that can Top outfits to Analog navigation When will we trust Designing the last a lifetime phones to block twist a car frame wear on an tools for wilderness robots to drive? perfect sailboat p. 36 out the world p. 37 p. 38 airplane p. 40 treks p. 42 p. 44 p. 48 Will we ever Minding the gaps How we’ll endure Sans this bolt, we A brief history of Supersonic travel’s Tiny trains on commute by in public transit long-haul flights can’t get to Mars road building second wave a big journey jetpack? p. 55 p. 64 p. 70 p. 72 p. 80 p. 86 p. 94 The footprints of Mountain-lion I ran a marathon Getting science A chicken that Supercontinents The steps of a ancient humans crossing in space past the TSA walks like a T. rex of the future wandering toddler p. 106 p. 108 p. 108 p. 110 p. 112 p. 112 p. 114 Babysitting Movement that’s A head-scratching Puzzles to take Why car trips Self-charging autos; robot drivers just an illusion treadmill trick on the road feel so long time travel; faster p. 115 p. 118 p. 120 p. 120 p. 122 airports p. 130 HOW TO The icons MODE OF TRANSPORT Charted Features how fast it’s going represent what’s terrestrial aquatic In Profile Tales READ THIS moving in each aerial atomic Goods Head Trip CHART how big it is story in this issue geologic The Big Q I Wish... 7 cover photograph by The Voorhes / infographic by Sara Chodosh POPSCI.COM • SPRING 2019 SPRING 2019 Editor-in-Chief Joe Brown Deputy Editor Corinne Iozzio Online Director Amy Schellenbaum Design Director Russ Smith EDITOR’S LETTER EDITORIAL Features Editor Susan Murcko Science Editor Rachel Feltman Technology Editor Stan Horaczek ALL used to watch them from my bike, Senior Producer Tom McNamara Senior Editor Sophie Bushwick poking at their screens, trying Associate Editor Claire Maldarelli AB OARD, to find their next fare or figure a Assistant Editors Sara Chodosh, Eleanor Cummins, Rob Verger Associate Producer Jason Lederman route around crowded streets. Engagement Editor Ryan Perry Commerce Editor Billy Cadden EVEN ME This tunnel vision means it’s Copy Chief Cindy Martin easier for them to not notice the Editorial Assistant Jessica Boddy Researchers Jake Bittle, Diane Kelly, Helina Selemon, Erika Villani guy on the motorcycle. I’ve had Interns Jillian Mock, Charlie Wood more near-accidents on New York ART AND PHOTOGRAPHY EARLY ONE MORNING THIS streets over the past two years Photo Director Thomas Payne Consulting Production Manager Glenn Orzepowski past summer, I rode my motor- than I had in my previous two Consulting Designer Robert Dominguez EDITORIAL PRODUCTION cycle out of New York City for decades of riding. Group Managing Editor Jean McKenna what I expect was the last time. While it’s fun to reminisce Managing Editor Margaret Nussey In fact, I’ll probably never ride in about city streets with room to CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Kate Baggaley, Brooke Borel, Tom Foster, Kevin Gray, my hometown again. That’s too ride, the Ubers and Lyfts are William Gurstelle, Gregory Mone, Sarah Scoles, P.W. Singer, Chuck Squatriglia, Nick Stockton, James Vlahos, bad, because motorbikes used here to stay, and I’m happy about The Voorhes (photography) to be the best way to get around that. We have dreamed a world Executive Vice President Gregory D. Gatto this burg: fast, cheap, and able to that is smaller, cleaner, less dis- Group Editorial Director Anthony Licata Group Creative Director Sean Johnston squirm through gridlock. criminatory, and easier to travel BONNIER MEDIA Why? The recent influx of for all people. The same way the Senior Vice President, Managing Director John Graney Vice President, Sales Jeff Timm ride- hailing services like Uber internet has democratized com- Digital Sales Manager Lee Verdecchia and Lyft have made these munication, transportation tech Corporate Sales Directors Kristine Bihm, Kelly Hediger, Doug Leipprandt, Matt Levy, Cyndi Ratcliff, Jeff Roberge streets way too mean. Accord- promises to break down the bar- Direct Response and Classifieds Sales Representatives ing to data from the New York riers that keep us apart. That’s the Brian Luke, Chip Parham Marketing Vice President Brenda Oliveri Taxi and Limousine Commis- inspiration for this issue—from Strategic Development Director Beth Hetrick sion, the city has added more the ride-sharing and on-demand Sales Development Director Charlotte Grima Integrated Marketing Manager Ed Raymond than 70,000 for-hire v ehicles scooter services we already have, Research Manager Peter Chiacchiaro Associate Director Eshonda Caraway-Evans between 2013 and 2018. And to the quiet supersonic jets and Brand Manager Vanessa Vazquez Associate Creative Director Steve Gianaca while it’s far easier to get a ride connected roadways that as yet Business Operations Financial Director Tara Bisciello now—even if you’re in far-out exist only on paper. Advertising Coordinator Nicky Nedd Brooklyn or couldn’t historically And if one cranky dude needs Digital Content Production and Presentation Director Michellina Jones Producer Kayla Lockwood flag down a cab based on the way to park his motorcycle to clear the Bonnier Custom Insights Manager, Corporate Research Anna Levina you look—Ubers are making the way, I’m all for it. Research Analyst Peter Chiacchiaro city harder for folks trying to get Production Group Director Rina V. Murray Associate Director Kelly Kramer Weekley Artist Rick Andrews around on two wheels. Consumer Marketing Director Sally Murphy, ProCirc The trouble isn’t just the size Public Relations Manager Cathy Hebert of this ever-growing fleet. App- hailed drivers stare at their cell- Chairman Erik Haegerstrand phones pretty much constantly. Head of Business Area, Magazines Lars Dahmén Chief Executive Officer Eric Zinczenko That’s literally their job, and I Chief Financial Officer Joachim Jaginder Executive VP, Bonnier Media Gregory D. Gatto Executive VP, Bonnier Solutions David Ritchie Chief Digital Revenue Officer Sean Holzman Senior VP, Consumer Products Elise Contarsy Senior VP, Events Jonathan Moore Senior VP, Digital Operations David Butler Senior VP, Managing Director, Corporate Sales John Graney VP, Public Relations Perri Dorset VP, Data Science and Analytics Mark Crone VP, Enterprise Solutions Shawn Macey General Counsel Jeremy Thompson Human Resources Director Kim Putman This product is from sustainably managed forests and controlled sources. FOR CUSTOMER SERVICE AND SUBSCRIPTION QUESTIONS, such as renewals, address changes, email preferences, billing, and account status, go to popsci.com/cs. You can also call 800-289-9399 or 515-237-3697, or write to Popular Science, P.O. Box 6364, Harlan, IA 51593-1864. 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GEICO is a registered service mark of Government Employees Insurance Company, Washington, D.C. 20076; a Berkshire Hathaway Inc. subsidiary. © 201 GEICO CONTRIBUTORS Are you RED feeling Andrew Blum As a youth in summer camp, Andrew Blum sailed Lasers: small, fast, wildly popular sailboats. On page 48, Blum, now the father of two young sailors, focuses on the history of this classic craft and the life of 90-year-old Bruce Kirby, the Canada-born designer who built the first Laser in 1970. The story—technical but deeply human—was a natural fit for Blum, whose first book, Tubes, told the tale of the physical structure of the internet and the people who constructed it. This June will Specially Formulated with a mark the debut of his second book, The Weather Machine, which peers into the complex systems that bring the morning forecast to our phones, digital assistants, and radio DJs. Nitric Oxide Booster, to Help While he sees technical explanations like these as a public service, he admits that a lot Optimize Performance in of journalism for him “is just fulfilling childhood fascination.” Fast-Acting liquid soft-gels. Save $2.00 online at: www.IrwinNaturals.com by entering coupon code:013802 B R A I N A W A K E R E D SAVE $2 EXPIRES: 06/30/19 MANUFACTURERS COUPON Consumer: Redeemable at retail locations only. Not valid for online or mail-order purchases. Retailer: Irwin Naturals will reimburse you for the face value plus 8 (cents) handling provided it is redeemed by a consumer at the time of purchase on the brand specifi ed. Coupons not properly redeemed will be void and held. Reproduction by any party by any means is expressly prohibited. Any other use constitutes fraud. Irwin Naturals reserves the right to deny reimbursement (due to misredemption activity) and/or request proof of purchase for Cristiana Couceiro Russ Smith coupon(s) submitted. 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Retail only. streaks of color, and photographs the magazine-making process is to create something unexpected. brainstorming. “We could do any The Portuguese artist’s passion for assem- story a million different ways,” he says, but bling collages began early. “Cutting pieces of every visual needs to be “fun and informa- S R paper from old newspapers and magazines tive.” As the design director for Bonnier O T and telling a brand-new story with glue was Corporation’s Popular Science, Saveur, U B a joy while growing up,” she says; old copies of Field & Stream, and Outdoor Life, he grap- RI T N Popular Science have even provided fodder. ples with art decisions small and big, from O C Now, the de signer’s works enhance glossy identifying the right font for a fishing story Y S magazines. On page 19 she captures the to commissioning a creative illustration to E These statements have not been evaluated by the Food & Drug Administration. perils of teleportation by inserting chaotic represent carbon-emissions data—depicted RT This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. U geometry onto a human image. on page 18 as a tall layer cake of trees. O C Follow Us On... by Eleanor Cummins