Polymers in Sensors. Theory and Practice PDF
Preview Polymers in Sensors. Theory and Practice
Polymers in Sensors In Polymers in Sensors; Akmal, N., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. In Polymers in Sensors; Akmal, N., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 690 Polymers in Sensors Theory and Practice Naim Akmal, EDITOR Union Carbide Technical Center Arthur M. Usmani, EDITOR Usmani Development Company Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry at the 212th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Orlando, Florida, August 25-29, 1996 American Chemical Society, Washington, DC In Polymers in Sensors; Akmal, N., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Polymers in Sensors : theory and practice / Naim Akmal, editor, Arthur M. Usmani, editor p. cm.—(ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156; 690) "Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry at the 212th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Orlando, Florida, August 25-29, 1996." Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-8412-3550-3 1. Chemical detectors—Congresses. 2. Biosensors—Congresses. 3. Polymers—Congresses. I. Akmal, Naim, 1962- . II. Usmani, Arthur M, 1940- . III. American Chemical Society. Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. IV. American Chemical Society. Meeting (212th : 1996: Orlando, Fla.) V. Series. TP159.C46P66 1997 681'.2—dc21 98-13989 CIP This book is printed on acid-free, recycled paper. Copyright © 1998 American Chemical Society Distributed by Oxford University Press All Rights Reserved. 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The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a license or as a conveyance of any right or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce, use, or sell any patented invention or copyrighted work that may in any way be related thereto. Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA In Polymers in Sensors; Akmal, N., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. Advisory Board ACS Symposium Series Mary E. Castellion Omkaram Nalamasu ChemEdit Company AT&T Bell Laboratories Arthur B. Ellis Kinam Park University of Wisconsin at Madison Purdue University Jeffrey S. Gaffney Katherine R. Porter Argonne National Laboratory Duke University Gunda I. Georg Douglas A. Smith University of Kansas The DAS Group, Inc. Lawrence P. Klemann Martin R. Tant Nabisco Foods Group Eastman Chemical Co. Richard N. Loeppky Michael D. Taylor University of Missouri Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Cynthia A. Maryanoff R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute Leroy B. Townsend University of Michigan Roger A. Minear University of Illinois William C. Walker at Urbana-Champaign DuPont Company In Polymers in Sensors; Akmal, N., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. Foreword THE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was first published in 1974 to provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The pur pose of the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books devel oped from ACS sponsored symposia based on current scientific re search. Occasionally, books are developed from symposia sponsored by other organizations when the topic is of keen interest to the chem istry audience. Before agreeing to publish a book, the proposed table of contents is reviewed for appropriate and comprehensive coverage and for in terest to the audience. Some papers may be excluded in order to better focus the book; others may be added to provide comprehensiveness. When appropriate, overview or introductory chapters are added. Drafts of chapters are peer-reviewed prior to final acceptance or re jection, and manuscripts are prepared in camera-ready format. As a rule, only original research papers and original review pa pers are included in the volumes. Verbatim reproductions of previ ously published papers are not accepted. ACS BOOKS DEPARTMENT In Polymers in Sensors; Akmal, N., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. Preface THE FIELD OF SENSING TECHNOLOGY covers a vast area of expertise and application in various arenas. The sensor is a logical element in the infor mations-acquisition chain. Sensors provide information about our physical, chemical, and biological environments. The rapid growth in technology and its application has created a major market for various kinds of sensing devices to maintain the high quality of the final product and simultaneously to increase the yield. There is no doubt that chemical sensors and biosensors are fast-moving, critical technologies for industrial and biomedical marks. Sensors find wide ap plications in medicine (for example, blood chemistry determinations and immu nological and microbiological testing), food, agriculture, and environmental and industrial monitoring. The value of the industrial gas sensor industry is projected to more than double by 1998, with semiconductor sensors and electrochemical sensors leading the way. The total market for worldwide chemical sensors was $700 million in 1994. This market is growing at an estimated rate of 9.0% per annum. Also, efforts to reduce the risk of cross-contamination and physician li ability risks are opening up opportunities for the manufacturers of disposable biomedical sensors. The symposium was organized to address the latest developments in sens ing technology and its application in various industries. This volume presents the missing link in chemical and biosensing technology and improvements per formed in recent years. The chapters cover a wide arena of sensors used in chemical and other related industries. The chapters in this book have been divided into four sections: diagnostics and biosensors, gas sensors and their applications, ISE and polymer-based sen sors and biosensors, and fiber optic sensors. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the diagnostic section that has not been covered in any other chapter. Chapters 2-7 deal with biosensors and their biomedical applications. Chapters 8-17 pro vide excellent information pertaining to various gas-sensing technologies for process industries. Chapters 18-21 provide an overview of the applications of polymers in sensing technology. A separate section, chapters 22-23, has been allotted to fiber optic sensors. This book should be useful to chemists, biochemists, chemical engineers, process engineers, polymer scientists, and materials scientists. It provides a good xi In Polymers in Sensors; Akmal, N., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. source of information to anyone interested in learning about gas sensors—their chemistry and their limitations. Scientists interested in doing research and de velopment work in diagnostics and biosensors can take advantage of the book's broad coverage of sensing technology. Acknowledgments We sincerely thank all those who contributed to the successful publication of this volume. We express our appreciation to Teledyne Electronic Technologies and Usmani Development Company (UDC) for their support. Also we acknowl edge the support provided by the staff of ACS Books. The gracious support of our families is most warmly acknowledged. NAIM AKMAL Union Carbide Technical Center 3200 Kanawha Turnpike South Charleston, WV 25303 ARTHUR M. USMANI Usmani Development Company 7318 Normandy Way Indianapolis, IN 46278 xii In Polymers in Sensors; Akmal, N., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. Chapter 1 An Overview of Medical Polymers and Diagnostic Reagents Naim Akmal1 and A. M. Usmani2 1Union Carbide Technical Center, 3200 Kanawha Turnpike, South Charleston, WV 25303 2Usmani Development Company, 7318 Normandy Way, Indianapolis, IN 46278 This work describes the principles and biochemical reactions involved in diagnostic reagents, dry chemistry construction and recent advances in biosensors. Among all the methods and techniques available to date for the accurate and fast detection of blood sugar and cholesterol, dry chemistry is still the number one choice. Blood glucose test strips are made up of suitable enzymes along with indicators such as 3,3'-5,5'- tetramethylbenzidine in the form of a thin film and layered over a plastic film. Importance and selection of polymer binders which play a major role in dry chemistry has been discussed along with the thermal analysis data and its role for various diagnostic enzymes. Biosensors using enzyme, GOD for monitoring glucose and the use of long chain polymers to wire the enzyme to the electrode, in order to have fast electron movement is also discussed. Purified enzymes are invariably used in medical diagnostic reagents and in the measurement of analytes in urine, plasma, serum or whole blood. There has been a steady growth of dry chemistry during the past three decades. It has surpassed wet clinical analysis in the number of tests performed in hospitals, laboratories and homes because of its ease, reliability and accuracy. Enzymes are specific catalysts that can be derived from plant and animal tissues; however fermentation continues to be the most popular method. Enzymes are extensively used in diagnostics, immunodiagnostics, and biosensors. They measure or amplify signals of many specific metabolites. Purified enzymes are expensive and 2 ©1998 American Chemical Society In Polymers in Sensors; Akmal, N., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998. 3 their use for a large number of analytes can be expensive. This is the main reason for the increasing use of reusable immobilized enzymes in clinical analyses. Wet chemistry methods for analysis of body analytes, e.g., blood glucose or cholesterol requires equipment and trained analysts. Millions of people with diabetes check their blood glucose levels and are able to obtain results in a matter of a few minutes. However, science has not yet invented an insulin delivery system that can respond to the body's senses. Injected insulin does not automatically adjust and, therefore, the dose required to mimic the body's response must be adjusted daily or even hourly depending on the diet and physical activity. Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels is essential for diabetics. This has become possible since the last 30 years due to the advent of dry chemistry (1-8). Accurate monitoring of blood glucose level by an expectant woman will enable her to have normal pregnancy and give birth to a healthy child. Athletes with diabetes can self-test their blood glucose levels to avoid significant health problems. Dry chemistries are useful not only to diabetes, but also to patients with other medical problems. They are also used in animal diagnosis, food evaluation, fermentation, agriculture, and environmental and industrial monitoring (1). Biochemical Reactions Biochemical reactions for assaying cholesterol and glucose are shown below: Cholesterol Cholesterol esterase Cholesterol esters + H0 > Cholesterol + Fatty acids 2 , , _ Cholesterol oxidase „ _, _ Λ Cholesterol + 0 > Cholest-4-en-3-one + H0 2 2 2 H0+ chromogen —Peroxidase ^ Dy + H0 2 2 e 2 Notes: (l)End-point followed by dye formation. (2) Amount of oxygen consumed can be measured amperometrically by an oxygen-sensing electrode. (3) The H0 produced by cholesterol oxidase requires phenol to produce dye. A popular 2 2 alternative step is to substitute p-hydroxybenzenesulfonate for phenol in the reaction with pyridine nucleotide. The subsequent reaction is as follows: catalase H0 + ethanol > acetaldehyde +2H0 2 2 2 Acetaldehyde + NAD(P)+ > tate + H+ + NAD(P)H ace (4) Free cholesterol determined, if cholesterol esterase omitted. Glucose (1) Glucose + 0 + H0 Glucose oxida*e > Gluconic acid + H0 2 2 2 2 H0 + Chromogen —Peroxidase Dye + H0 2 2 > 2 2 Note: Formation of dye. (2) Glucose + 0 + H0 > Gluconic acid + H0 2 2 2 2 Note: The rate of oxygen depletion is measured with an oxygen electrode. Two additional steps prevent the formation of oxygen from H0 and are 2 2 as follows. In Polymers in Sensors; Akmal, N., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998.
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