Polymer Science Dictionary

1012 Pages·2017·107.61 MB·English

by  Mark Alger (auth.)

M. Alger
Polymer Science
Dictionary
Third Edition
Polymer Science Dictionary
Mark Alger
Polymer Science Dictionary
Third Edition
123
MarkAlger
Towcester,Northants
UK
ISBN978-94-024-0891-1 ISBN978-94-024-0893-5 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-024-0893-5
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017941189
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©Chapman&Hall1989,1997
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Preface to the Third Edition
It is now a further 19 years since the preparation of the previous, second, edition of this
dictionary. During this period, the growth in polymer science and itsapplications toan ever-
expanding range of industries has continued unabated. This is reflected in the increase in
the number of terms described here by about 50% and also in the increase in the number
of scientists and engineers active in the polymer area whether in academic, industrial or
governmentorganisations.Forexample,ithasbeenestimatedthatintheUSAabouthalfofall
chemistrygraduateswill,atsometimeduringtheircareers,beworkingwithpolymers.
For the preparation of this third edition, it has been necessary to give special attention
to those numerous areas, many of them new, which have developed rapidly during the
intervening years. Important examples are the use of controlled radical methods and the
use of metallocene catalysts for polymerisation. These often yield polymers with carefully
controlled architectures. Many of these architectures include quite complex molecules, and
this is especially apparent in dendritic polymers and supermolecular polymers. As noted in
thesecondedition,importantadvancesinseveralwell-establishedcharacterisationtechniques
continue,forexample,inmassspectrometryandmicroscopictechniquesandforsurfaceand
interfacialproperties.Manynewscanning-probemicroscopictechniqueshaveappeared.
Polymersareoftenthekeymaterialsinthedevelopmentofmanytechnologicallyadvanced
applications, such as medical, microelectronic and advanced engineering applications, espe-
cially for aerospace. In advanced engineering, polymer composite materials are particularly
important with dramatic advances with the newer nanocomposites. For all these areas, new
polymerscontinuetoappear.
Anewappendixofthesourcesconsultedinthepreparationofthethirdeditionisincluded.
Asbefore,Ithankmywife,JillAlger,forherforbearanceatmyabsenceswhilstproducing
thisdictionaryandalsoforherhelpandadviceinitspreparation.MythanksalsogotoLondon
MetropolitanUniversityfortheuseofitslibraryfacilities.
Towcester,UK MarkAlger
May2015
v
Preface to the Second Edition
Since the first edition of this dictionary was completed 7 years ago, polymer science, in
both its academic and its industrial context, has continued its rapid growth. Consequently,
polymers are used in ever more demanding and sophisticated applications. This growth has
also produced a considerably expanded terminology of the subject. It was perhaps time to
updatethefirstedition.Theaiminpreparingthissecondeditionremainsasbefore–toprovide
acomprehensivecollectionofexplanationsofthetermsusedinthepolymerscienceliterature.
The decision in the first edition, not to cover the areas of polymer technology, now seems
fortuitous, since my former colleague Tony Whelan has recently published his dictionary
(PolymerTechnologyDictionary,ChapmanandHall1993)coveringthoseareasexcludedfrom
this dictionary. The two dictionaries are complementary and may be regarded as companion
volumes.
Inpreparingthesecondedition,Ihavetriedtogivespecialattentiontothosetopicswhich
havebecomeparticularlyimportantrecently.Perhapsthemostobviousoneischaracterisation
techniques,especiallyforthesolidstateandforsurfaces,wheremanynewmethods,especially
NMR, scattering and microscopic methods, have recently been developed. In the case of
polymer materials, many recent advances have been made in producing polymers with
special electrical and optical properties and in liquid crystalline polymers, and there are
correspondingly a large number of new entries on these topics. The large number of entries
thataremerelyabbreviationsreflectstheincreasing,andperhapsunfortunate,useofthese.In
deciding the alphabetical ordering of the entries, I have ignored Greek letters, numbers and
hyphens, oftenappearing inchemical names,except wherethereareseveral entriesdiffering
onlyintheoccurrenceofthesefeatures.
Asinthefirstedition,Iwouldliketothankmywife,JillAlger,forherhelp,especiallyin
theorganisationofthemanuscript,andtheUniversityofNorthLondonfortheuseofitslibrary
facilities.
London,UK MarkAlger
February1996
vii
Preface to the First Edition
Polymer science is often regarded as a new science, although the fundamental molecular
principleofthelongchainmolecule,whichunderliesmuchofthesubject,wasfirstproposed
by Staudinger in 1920. Polymer technology is of course much older, dating back to the
earlynineteenthcentury.Todayseveralimportantindustries(thoseofplastics,rubbers,fibres,
coatingsandadhesives)arebasedonpolymers,andscientistsandengineersworkingineven
widerfieldsareconcernedwithpolymers.Thisisnottomentiontheimportanceoftheconcepts
ofpolymerscienceinthebiologicalarea–muchofmolecularbiologymaybeconsideredas
partofthebroadersubjectofpolymerscience.
Itisthereforeperhapssurprisingthatthereisnopublicationdevotedsolelytoexplainingthe
terminologyofpolymerscience,thoughseveraldictionariescoveringtherelatedtechnologies
doexist.Thisdictionaryisanattempttofillthisgap,aneedwhichIhavefeltmanytimesduring
my 20 years of teaching polymers. Furthermore, many scientists and technologists working
withpolymershavelittlepolymerexperienceintheirformaleducation.
The scope of the dictionary is restricted to polymer science and deliberately excludes
technological areas. Specifically, polymer processing terms are not included. Within the
fields of polymer chemistry and physics, an attempt has been made to be as comprehensive
as possible, with coverage of polymerisation, polymer structure, properties and individual
polymer materials. However, given the multidisciplinary nature of polymer science, it is
difficult to decide where to draw the limits of the scope. A particular problem has been to
decide how much coverage to give to biopolymers, which are often, with little justification,
notregardedasbeingwithinthemainstreamofpolymerscience.Ihaveincludedproteinsand
polysaccharides, partly since they form the basis of many useful materials, but, reluctantly, I
haveexcludednucleicacids.Inall,about1000specialistpolymermonographsandnumerous
reviewshavebeenconsulted.Ihopethatthishasprovidedagoodcoverageofthetermsused
inthepolymerliterature,boththeolderliteratureandthemorerecent.Ithasprovedimpossible
tobeasuptodateasisdesirableinsucharapidlydevelopingsubject.
Inwritingtheindividualentries,theapproachhasbeentoprovideanexplanationofwhatthe
termsmean,togetherwithanynecessarybackground,astheyareusedinthepolymerliterature,
rather than to provide definitions of the terms. Thus, the entries are longer than is usual in a
dictionarystrictlyconcernedwithdefinitions,andthisdictionarycouldperhapsbeconsidered
moreasanencyclopaedicdictionary.Manytermshavebeenincludedthatarenotspecifically
polymer terms, but which have a special relevance in polymer science. I have attempted to
placesuchtermsinthecontextofpolymerscience.
Increasingly,SIunitsarebeingusedinthepolymerliteratureandhavebeenusedthroughout
this dictionary. However, where other units are frequently used, these have been included.
AppendixAgivesalistingofSIandotherunitsandAppendixBlistssomeconversionfactors.
Thesymbolsusedhavebeenselectedasthosemostfrequentlyusedelsewhereandarecollected
togetherfollowingthispreface.
Forthemoreimportantpolymers,somevaluesaregivenforthemainmechanicalproperties.
Sincethesepropertiesareveryvariable,thevaluesgivenaremerelyindicativeandareonlyto
providearoughcomparisonbetweendifferentpolymers.
ix
x PrefacetotheFirstEdition
The compilation of the dictionary has stretched over many (too many!) years, and during
thistime,butespeciallyduringthelaststages,myfamilyhashadtoputupwithmyprolonged
absences from participation in normal family life. For this forbearance I am very grateful.
I would also like to thank Hazel Fryer and my wife Jill Alger for considerable help in the
preparationofthefinalmanuscriptandthepublishersfortheirpatienceinwaitingsolongfor
the manuscript. The extensive use of the material in the libraries of the Polytechnics of the
SouthBankandNorthLondonisalsogratefullyacknowledged.
London,UK MarkAlger
February1989
Notes on the Organisation of the Dictionary
Inthealphabeticorderingoftheterms,Greekletters(unlessspeltout),hyphens,numbersand
thesinglelettersymbolsusedatthebeginningofsomechemicalnamesshowingtheatomsof
substitution,e.g.N-,N,N0-,O-etc.,areignored.Also,o-,m-andp-inchemicalnames(again
unlessspeltout)areignored.
Melting and boiling points are quoted when available. These, and some other data, have
sometimesbeenobtainedfromtheInternetwheresometimestheyhavebeencalculatedrather
than being determined experimentally. Where this is so, the number is enclosed in brackets.
Boilingpointsarequotedforatmosphericpressure(1.013(cid:2)10(cid:2)3hPa)unlessotherwisestated,
whenthepressureisgiveninhPa.
Chemicalstructuresareproducedusingthemostwidelyusedcurrentconventionofdrawing
allthechemicalbonds(exceptthosetohydrogen)butomittingthechemicalsymbols(Cand
H)forthecarbonandhydrogenatoms.R,R0,R00,etc.refertoalkylorarylgroups(unlessthe
latterarespecificallydesignatedasarylwhenthesymbolArisused).X,YandZrefertoany
functionalgroups.
xi
Notation
a activity
a solventactivity
1
a ,etc. directioncosine
11
a soluteactivity
2
a shiftfactor
T
A area
A secondvirialcoefficient
2
A thirdvirialcoefficient
3
b formfactor
b scatteringlength
B Biotmodulus
B secondvirialcoefficient
B0 bulkstoragecompliance
B00 bulklosscompliance
B equilibriumbulkcompliance
e
B (t ,t ) fingertensor
ij 1 2
B relaxedbulkcompliance
r
B Brinkmannumber
r
B unrelaxedbulkcompliance
u
B(t) bulkcreepcompliance
Bu butylgroup
n-Bu normalbutylgroup
t-Bu tertiarybutylgroup
B(!) complexbulkcompliance
c weightconcentration
c soluteconcentration
2
C elasticmodulus/stiffnessconstant
C thirdvirialcoefficient
C characteristicratio
C chaintransferconstant
C0 storagecompliance
C00 losscompliance
c* overlapconcentration
C constantoftheRivlin–Saundersequation
1
C criticalaggregationconstant
1
c capillarynumber
a
C chaintransferconstanttoinitiator
I
C (t ,t ) Cauchytensor
ij 1 2
C chaintransferconstanttomonomer
M
C specificheat
p
C chaintransferconstanttopolymer
P
C chaintransferconstanttosolventorchaintransferagent
S
xiii