Polymer Additives PDF
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POLYMER ADDITIVES POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Editorial Board: WIlliam J. Bailey, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland J. P. Berry, Rubber and Plastics Research Association of Great Britain, Shawbury, Shrewsbury, England A. T. DIBenedetto, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut C. A. J. Hoeve, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas Yolchl Ishida, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan Frank E. Karan, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts Oslas Solomon, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Recent volumes in the series: Volume 16 POLYMERIC SEPARATION MEDIA Edited by Anthony R. Cooper Volume 17 POLYMER APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE-RESOURCE MATERIALS Edited by Charles E. Carraher, Jr., and L. H. Sperling Volume 18 REACTION INJECTION MOLDING AND FAST POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS Edited by Jiri E. Kresta Volume 19 COORDINATION POLYMERIZATION Edited by Charles C. Price and Edwin J. Vandenberg Volume 20 POLYMER ALLOYS III: Blends, Blocks, Grafts, and Interpenetrating Networks Edited by Daniel Klempner and Kurt C. Frisch Volume 21 MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS Edited by Charles E. Carraher, Jr., and James A. Moore Volume 22 STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS OF POLYMERIC SOLIDS Edited by Anne Hiltner Volume 23 POLYMERS IN MEDICINE: Biomedical and Pharmacological Applications Edited by Emo Chiellini and Paolo Giusti Volume 24 CROWN ETHERS AND PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS IN POLYMER SCIENCE Edited by Lon J. Mathias and Charles E. Carraher, Jr. Volume 25 NEW MONOMERS AND POLYMERS Edited by Bill M. Culbertson and Charles U. Pittman, Jr. Volume 26 POLYMER ADDITIVES Edited by Jiri E. Kresta A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. POLYMER ADDITIVES Edited by Jiri E. Kresta Polymer Institute University of Detroit Detroit, Michigan Plenum Press • New York and London Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data International Symposium on Polymer Additives (1982: Las Vegas, Nev.) Polymer additives. (Polymer science and technology; v. 26) "Proceedings of the International Symposium on Polymer Additives, held March 30- April 1, 1982, at the American Chemical Society meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada" "Sponsored by the American Chemical Society, Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering"-Pref. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1 . Polymers and polymerization-Additives-Congresses. I. Kresta, Jiri E., date- II. American Chemical Society. Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineer ing. III. Title. IV. Series. TP1142.1581982 668.4'11 84-13264 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9724-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2797-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2797-4 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Polymer Additives, held March 30-April 1, 1982, at the American Chemical Society Meeting, in Las Vegas, Nevada © 1984 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE Ever since the beginning of the plastics and rubber industry, it was realized that useful products could be produced only if cer tain additives were incorporated into polymers. With the help of these additives, when physically dispersed in a polymer matrix, it has been possible to improve stability against thermal, oxidative, UV, hydrolytic and biological degradation, mechanical properties, flammability, cost, and processibility of plastics. The enormous growth of the volume of plastics consumed by modern society, and new application areas for plastics, have created a demand for new, better additives and better understanding of their functions in polymer systems. As a result of these trends there is a need for sharing of information on progress achieved in the area of polymer additives among engineers and scientists of the plastics industry and academia. This book is based on expanded and updated papers originally presented at the International Symposium on Polymer Additives, which was held in Las Vegas, Nevada, and was sponsored by the American Chemical Society, Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engi neering. The book is divided into five parts which cover advances in various areas of polymer additives. The first part is devoted to the progress in understanding of UV degradation and stabilization of various polymers. Oxidation degradation and stabilization of plastic materials is covered in the second part. New developments in the stabilization of PVC are presented in the third part. Prob lems associated with flame retardance and smoke suppression are dis cussed in the fourth part. The last section covers plasticizers, fillers, fiber reinforcement and special additives. v PREFACE I would like to thank Mrs. Iris Glebe for her efforts in typing this book and for help with editing, and Dianne Lewis for her assistance in preparation of the index. Thanks is also due to the editors of Plenum Press for their patience and for helpfulness with the manuscript. Jiri E. Kresta Polymer Institute University of Detroit April, 1984 CONTENTS Io UV DEGRADATION AND STABILIZATION OF POLYMERS Recent Developments in Photodegradation and Photostabilization of Polydienes 1 0 Jo Fo Rabek Advances in UV Stabilization of Polyethylene 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fo Lo Gugumus Hindered Amines as Antioxidants in UV Exposed Polymers 35 0 0 0 0 0 D. J. Carlson, K. H. Chan, J. P. Tovborg Jensen, D. M. Wiles and J. Durmis Effect of Various Additives on the Photodegradation of Polyurethanes 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • Zo Osawa, E. Tajima, T. Yanagisawa and K. Suzuki Photochemical Degradation and Biological Deface ment of Polymers - I • 61 0 0 0 0 • Po D. Gabriele, Jo R. Geib, J. S. Puglisi and W. Jo Reid UV Stabilization of Instant Color Photographs 71 Io 00 Salyer and Ao M. Usmani vii viii CONTENTS Photochemical Grafting of Acrylated Azo Dyes on Polymeric Surfaces VI. Effect of 1,2 Diphenyl, 2,2-Dimethoxy, Ethanone as Photo initiator of the Grafting of Some Acryloxy Substituted of Aromatic Diazenes onto Poly (propylene) and Poly(caprolactam) Fibers 83 I. R. Bellobono, S. Calgari and E. Selli II. OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION AND STABILIZATION Critical Phenomena in the Inhibited Oxidation of Polymers • • . • • . . • • • • • • 95 Yu. A. Shlyapnikov Critical Temperature for Solubility of a Phenolic Antioxidant . • • • . 103 V. J. Kuck An Automated, Multistation, Oxygen Uptake System. • . •. 111 J. C. Wozny Recent Developments in Phosphorus Stabilizers 127 E. Lewis Thermooxidation and Stabilization of Urethane and (Urethane-urea) Block Copolymers . 135 G. N. Hathur and J. E. Kresta III. STABILIZATION OF PVC Model Compounds Studies to Establish the Basic Mechanism for Tin Stabilizers in PVC • 155 A. Guyot, A. Michel and T. V. Hoang Reactions of PVC with Organotin Stabilizers Under Controlled Conditions 171 G. Ayrey, S. Y. Hsu and R. C. Poller New Mercapto Esters as Intermediates for PVC Stabilizers .•..••• 189 G. P. Mack CONTENTS ix IV. FLAME RETARDANCE AND SMOKE SUPPRESSION The effects of Bromine and Antimony-Containing Flame Retardants on the Burning Characteristics of Polyethylene 203 Y.-L. Hsieh and K. Yeh Molybdenum Smoke Suppressants in PVC • • 215 F. W. Moore, G. A. Tsigdinos and T. R. Weber Mechanism of PVC Fire Retardance by Molybdenum (VI) Oxide. Further Evidence in Favor of the Lewis Acid Theory • • • • . • 237 W. H. Starnes, Jr., L. D. Wescott, Jr., W. D. Reents, Jr., R. E. Cais, G. M. Villacorta, I. M. PIitz and L. J. Anthony V. PLASTICIZERS, FILLERS AND ADDITIVES Diffusion of Additives and Plasticizers in PVC - III. Diffusion of Three Phthalate Plasticizers in PVC 249 P. J. F. Griffiths, K. G. Krikor and G. S. Park Effect of Additives on Properties of Coating Processes of Polyphenylquinoxalines 261 Lu Fengcai, Wang Beiging and Chang Jinbiao Effect of Pigments on the Aging Characteristics of Polyolefins . . . • . • • . • • 273 H. M. Gilroy and M. G. Chan Dynamic Mechanical Investigations of Highly Filled Polyethylene 289 R. Kosfeld, T. Uhlenbroich and F. H. J. Maurer The Use of Titanate Coupling Agents for Improved Properties and Aging of Plastic Composites and Coatings . • • • • • • • 301 S. J. Monte and G. Sugerman Compounding of Additives and Fillers 343 K. Eise The Effect of Lubricants on the Extrusion Characteristics of PVC • 351 E. A. Collins, T. E. Fahey and A. J. Hopfinger x CONTENTS Precipitated Calcium Carbonates as Ultraviolet Stabilizers and Impact Modifiers in PVC Siding and Profiles • • • • • 371 K. K. Mathur and D. B. Vanderheiden Iron Compounds as Adhesion Promoters for Bitumen 391 J. Shim-ton, S. Varevoraku1 and R. T. Woodhams Index. 403
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