Political ideologies : an introduction

391 Pages·2014·65.77 MB·English

by  Andrew Heywood

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An Introduction
5th edition
palgrave
macmillan
© Andrew Heywood 1992, 1998, 2003, 2007, 2012
Foreword © Andrew Gamble 1992
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright licensing Agency,
Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this
work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First edition 1992
Second edition 1998
Third edition 2003
Fourth edition 2007
Fifth edition 2012
Published by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin's Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-0- 230- 36724-1 hardback
ISBN 978-0- 230- 36725- 8 paperback
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the
country of origin.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
21 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
Printed and bound in China
For Jean
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Summary of Contents
1 Introduction: Ideology and Ideologies 1
2 Liberalism 24
3 Conservatism 65
4 Socialism 97
5 Anarchism 140
6 Nationalism 168
7 Fascism 199
8 Feminism 226
9 Ecologism 251
o
1 Religious Fundamentalism 281
11 Multiculturalism 311
12 Conclusion: A Post-Ideological Age? 337
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~II
CONTENTS
Contents
Figures The liberal state 35
XI
Boxes Constitutionalism 37
Xll
Fore111ord by Andre111 Gamble xv Liberal democracy 39
Preface to the Fifth Edition Classical liberalisn1 43
XVI
Acknowledgements Natural rights
XVUI 44
Utilitarianism 45
Economic liberalism 46
1 Introduction: Social Darwinism 48
Ideology and Ideologies 1 Neoliberalism 49
Modern liberalis1n 51
The role of ideas 2
Individuality 52
Views of ideology 4
Positive freedom 52
Marxist views 6
Social liberalism 56
Non-Marxist views 8
Economic management 57
Ideology: key issues 11
Liberalism in a global age 59
Contours of ideology 11
Fusing understanding
and commitment 12
Fusing thought and 3 Conservatism 65
action 13
Origins and development 66
Ideology, Truth and Power 14
Core themes: the desire
New ideologies for old? 15
to conserve 68
Using this book 21
Tradition 69
Human imperfection 70
Organic society 73
2 Liberalism 24
Hierarchy and authority 75
Origins and development 25 Property 77
Core themes: the primacy Authoritarian conservatism 78
of the individual 26 Paternalistic conservatism 80
Individualism 27 One Nation conservatism 81
Freedom 29 Christian democracy 83
Reason 31 Libertarian conservatism 84
Justice 33 New right 86
Toleration 34 Liberal new right 87
Liberalism,government Conservative new right 91
and democracy 35 Conservatism in a global age 94
VIII CONTENTS
4 Socialism 97 Mutualism 151
Anarcho-syndicalism 152
Origins and development 98
Anarcho-communism 153
Core themes: no 1nan is
Individualist anarchisn1 154
an island 100
Egoism 155
Community 100
Libertarianism 156
Cooperation 102
Anarcho-capitalism 157
Equality 103
Roads to anarchy 160
Class politics 106
Revolutionary violence 161
Common ownership 107
Direct action 162
Roads to socialisn1 109
Non-violent protest 163
Revolutionary socialism 110
Anarchism in a global age 164
Evolutionary socialism 112
The inevitability of
gradualism? 113
6 Nationalism 168
Com1nunisn1 116
Classical Marxism 117 Origins and development 169
Philosophy 117 Core themes: for the love
Economics 119 of country 172
Politics 120 The nation 173
Orthodox communism 121 Organic community 176
Neo-Marxism 123 Self-determination 177
The death ofM arxism? 124 Culturalism 179
Social democracy 125 Nationalism and politics 181
Ethical socialism 128 Liberal nationalism 182
Revisionist socialism 129 Conservative nationalism 185
The crisis of social Expansionist nationalism 187
democracy 132 Anti-colonial and
Neo-revisionism and the postcolonial nationalism 192
'third way' 133 Nationalism in a global age 194
Socialism in a global age 136
7 Fascism 199
5 Anarchism 140
Origins and development 200
Origins and development 141 Core themes: strength
Core themes: against through unity 201
the state 142 Anti-rationalism 202
Anti-statism 143 Struggle 204
Utopianism 146 Leadership and elitism 205
Anti-clericalism 147 Socialism 208
Economic freedom 148 Ultranationalism 209
Collectivist anarchisn1 149 Fascism and the state 210
I
CONTENTS ix
The totalitarian ideal 211 Ecof eminism 271
Corporatism 212 Deep ecology 275
Modernization 214 Ecologisn1 in a global age 278
Fascisn1 and racialism 214
The politics of race 215
Nazi race theories 216 10 Religious Fundamentalism 281
Peasant ideology 221
Origins and development 282
Fascisn1 in a global age 222
Core themes: back to
basics 284
Religion as politics 284
8 Feminism 226
The fundamentalist
Origins and development 227 impulse 287
Core themes: the politics of Anti-modernism 289
the personal 229 Militancy 291
Redefining 'the political' 230 The family of
Patriarchy 231 fundamentalisms 293
Sex and gender 233 Islamic fundamentalism 294
Equality and difference 234 Varieties ofI slamism 296
Sex and politics 236 Christian fundamentalism 300
Liberal feminism 237 The new Christian right 301
Socialist feminism 240 Other fundamentalisms 304
Radical feminism 242 Religious fundamentalism in
Third-wave feminism and a global age 307
beyond 247
Feminism in a global age 248
11 Multiculturalism 311
Origins and development 312
9 Eco log ism 251
Core themes: diversity
Origins and development 252 within unity 313
Core themes: return to Politics of recognition 314
nature 253 Culture and identity 317
Ecology 254 Minority rights 320
Holism 257 Diversity 323
Sustainability 260 Multiculturalism and politics 324
Environmental ethics 263 Liberal multiculturalism 325
From having to being 265 Pluralist multiculturalism 326
Nature and politics 267 Cosmopolitan
Modernist ecology 267 multiculturalism 330
Social ecology 269 Critiques of multiculturalism 331
Ecosocialism 269 Multiculturalism in a global
Eco-anarchism 270 age 334