policy paper-18

196 Pages·2003·1.95 MB·English

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NATIONAL CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND POLICY RESEARCH
jk"Vªh; d`f"k vkfFkZdh ,oa uhfr vuqla/kku dsUnz
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
POST BOX No. 11305, LIBRARY AVENUE, PUSA, NEW DELHI-110012.
Phone : [phone] Fax : [phone] E-mail : [email protected] NATIONAL CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND POLICY RESEARCH
http: // www.nic.in/icar/ncap/index.htm
NCAP Publication Committee
P K Joshi
S Selvarajan
Ramesh Chand
B C Barah
Suresh Pal
P Adhiguru
NCAP has been established by the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR) with a view to upgrading agricultural economics
research through integration of economic input in planning, designing,
and evaluation of agricultural research programmes and strengthening
the competence in agricultural policy analysis within the Council. The
Centre is assigned a leadership role in this area not only for various
ICAR Institutes but also for the State Agricultural Universities. With a
veiw to making agricultural research a more effective instrument for
agricultural and rural change and strengthening the policy making and
planning machinery, the Centre undertakes and sponsors research in
agricultural economics relating to the problems of regional and national
importance.
ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF
BIOLOGICAL SUBSTITUTES
FOR AGROCHEMICALS
Pratap S Birthal
February 2003
Policy Paper 18
NATIONAL
CENTRE FOR
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND
POLICY RESEARCH (ICAR)
NEW DELHI, INDIA
Policy Paper 18
Economic Potential of Biological Substitutes for Agrochemicals
Published
February 2003
Published by
Dr Mruthyunjaya
Director, NCAP
Printed at
Chandu Press
D-97, Shakarpur
Delhi - 110 092
CONTENTS
List of tables iii
List of figures vii
List of annexures ix
Foreword xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Executive summary xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives 6
1.3 Organization of the study 6
2 Integrated pest management (IPM): 8
concept and definition
2.1 Concept of IPM 8
2.2 Defining IPM 10
2.3 Goals of IPM 13
2.4 Principles of IPM 13
2.5 Components of IPM 14
3 Plant protection in India: strategies and policies 20
3.1 Crop loss due to pests 21
3.2 Pesticide use in agriculture 22
3.3 Pesticides and agricultural productivity 34
3.4 Programs and policies for promotion of IPM 43
4 Methods and data 57
4.1 Evaluating pest management technologies 57
at experimental level
4.2 Measuring adoption of IPM 60
4.3 Farm level effects of IPM: budgeting technique approach 61
i
4.4 Aggregate economic impact of IPM: 62
economic surplus approach
4.5 Estimation of willingness to participate in collective action 65
4.6 The data 66
5 Economics of pest management technologies 72
under experimental conditions
5.1 Evaluation of pest management technologies in cotton 72
5.2 Evaluation of pest management technologies in paddy 85
5.3 Evaluation of pest management technologies in chickpea 92
6 Adoption of IPM technologies 99
6.1 Level of adoption 99
6.2 Characteristics of adopters and non-adopters 100
6.3 The process of pest management 103
6.4 Sources of information 108
6.5 Sources of supply 109
6.6 Farmers’ perceptions regarding biological technologies 109
6.7 Determinants of adoption 114
7 Economic impact of IPM 118
7.1 Farm level effects 118
7.2 Aggregate economic effects 130
7.3. Sensitivity of IPM effects to the changes in input prices 132
8 Collective action in pest management 136
8.1 Farmers’ perceptions regarding the benefits of 136
collective action
8.2 Willingness to participate in collective action 137
8.3 Identifying conditions for collective action 139
9 Conclusions and implications 147
References 155
Annexures 163
ii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Components of IPM 14
Table 3.1 Estimates of crop loss due to insect pests 21
Table 3.2 Number of important insect pests in the traditional 22
and the modern agriculture in India
Table 3.3 Trend in pesticide use in agriculture 23
Table 3.4 Changes in composition of pesticide use 25
Table 3.5 Regional distribution of growth in pesticide use 26
Table 3.6 Crop-wise estimates of pesticide consumption 28
Table 3.7 Regional variation in area treated with pesticides, 29
1991-92
Table 3.8 Crop-wise area treated with pesticides, 1991-92 (%) 30
Table 3.9 Area treated with pesticides by size group of land 30
holding and irrigation status, 1991-92.
Table 3.10 Some commercially available biological pesticides 45
in India
Table 3.11 Distribution of public and private sector laboratories 47
and area coverage
Table 3.12 Market share of bio-pesticides in total agro- 48
chemical market in India (%)
Table 3.13 Cumulative number of Farmers’ Field Schools 50
organized, and extension workers and farmers
trained in IPM during 1995-96 to 1999-2000
Table 3.14 Crops treated with biocontrol agents, 1998-99 51
Table 3.15 Area of the specified crops treated with 52
biopesticides, 1998-99
Table 3.16 List of banned and restricted use pesticides in India 54
Table 4.1 Share of the selected crops in total area under the 68
crop and in the gross cropped area by district,
TE 1997-98.
iii
Table 4.2 District-wise per hectare use of chemical pesticides 69
and biopesticides in Tamil Nadu, TE 1997-98.
Table 4.3 Selection of blocks, villages and households 70
Table 5.1 SURE estimates of interrelationship between 74
yield, pest infestation and pest control methods
in cotton in Gujarat
Table 5.2 Estimates of yield loss in cotton under different 75
pest control options in Gujarat.
Table 5.3 SURE estimates of interrelationship between yield, 76
pest infestation and pest control methods in cotton
in Tamil Nadu
Table 5.4. Estimates of yield loss in cotton under different 77
pest control options in Tamil Nadu
Table 5.5 SURE estimates of interrelationship between yield, 78
pest infestation and pest control methods in cotton
in Punjab
Table 5.6 Estimates of yield loss in cotton under different 79
pest control options in Punjab
Table 5.7 Costs and returns in cotton production with different 81
pest control options in Gujarat
Table 5.8 Cost and returns in cotton production under 82
different pest control options in Tamil Nadu
Table 5.9 Cost and return in cotton production under different 84
pest control options in Punjab
Table 5.10 SURE estimates of interrelationship between yield, 86
pest infestation and pest control methods in paddy
in Tamil Nadu
Table 5.11 Estimates of yield loss in paddy under different 88
pest control options in Tamil Nadu
Table 5.12 SURE estimates of interrelationship between yield, 89
pest infestation and pest control methods in paddy
in Punjab
Table 5.13 Estimates of yield loss in paddy under different pest 90
control options in Punjab
iv
Table 5.14 Cost and returns in paddy production under different 91
pest control options in Tamil Nadu
Table 5.15 Cost and returns in paddy production under different 92
pest control options in Punjab
Table 5.16 SURE estimates of interrelationship between yield, 94
pest infestation and pest control methods in chickpea
in Andhra Pradesh
Table 5.17 Estimates of yield loss in chickpea under different 94
pest control options in Andhra Pradesh
Table 5.18 SURE estimates of interrelationship between yield, 95
pest infestation and pest control methods in chickpea
in Tamil Nadu
Table 5.19 Estimates of yield loss in chickpea under different 95
pest control options in Tamil Nadu
Table 5.20 Cost and returns in chickpea production under 96
different pest control options in Andhra Pradesh
Table 5.21 Cost and returns in chickpea production under 97
different pest control options in Tamil Nadu
Table 6.1 Adoption of IPM technologies in identified crops 100
in the sample villages
Table 6.2 Mean (standard deviation) of variables distinguishing 101
adopters from non-adopters
Table 6.3 Farmers’ pest recognition ability 103
(% farmers reporting)
Table 6.4 Decisions criteria of the farmers for action 104
against pest (%)
Table 6.5 Pest control practices of adopter and non-adopter 105
farmers (%)
Table 6.6 Sources of information on biological pesticides 109
(% adopters)
Table 6.7 Sources of procurement of bioagents/biopesticides 110
by adopters (% reporting)
Table 6.8 Problems in use of biological technologies 111
(% adopters reporting)
v
Table 6.9 Farmers’ subjective considerations for adoption 113
of biological pesticides (% non-adopters)
Table 6.10 Factors influencing adoption of biological 116
technologies
Table 7.1 Means and standard deviations of inputs (per ha) 119
used by adopters and non-adopters of IPM
Table 7.2 Differences in crop yield (qtl/ha) between IPM 121
and non-IPM farms
Table 7.3 Differences in cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) of IPM 122
and non-IPM farms
Table 7.4 Cost of pest control on IPM and non-IPM farms 124
(Rs/ha)
Table 7.5 Unit cost of production with and without IPM 128
(Rs/qtl)
Table 7.6 Gross and net returns with and without IPM 129
(Rs/ha)
Table 7.7 Values of parameters used in estimation of 131
economic surplus
Table 7.8 Effect of IPM on producer and consumer surplus 131
(Rs 000)
Table 7.9 Supply of biological pesticides and their prices 132
Table 7.10 Farm level impact of changes in prices and 134
supply arrangements of biopesticides
Table 7.11 Market level impact of changes in prices 135
and supply arrangements of biological pesticides
Table 8.1 Farmers’ perceptions on benefits of collective 137
pest management (% reporting)
Table 8.2 Farmers willing to participate in collective pest 138
management activity (%)
Table 8.3 Determinants of willingness to participate in 144
collective pest management
vi