Pohl's Introduction to Physics: Volume 2: Electrodynamics and Optics PDF
Preview Pohl's Introduction to Physics: Volume 2: Electrodynamics and Optics
Klaus Lüders Robert O. Pohl Editors Pohl’s Introduction to Physics Volume 2: Electrodynamics and Optics With videos: Demonstrations and biography of Robert W.Pohl Pohl’s Introduction to Physics Klaus Lüders (cid:2) Robert Otto Pohl Editors Pohl’s Introduction to Physics Volume 2: Electrodynamics and Optics Editors KlausLüders RobertOttoPohl FachbereichPhysik DepartmentofPhysics FreieUniversitätBerlin CornellUniversity Berlin,Germany Ithaca,NY,USA Translatedby Prof.WilliamD.Brewer,PhD, FachbereichPhysik, FreieUniversitätBerlin, Berlin,Germany Additionalmaterialtothisbookcanbedownloadedfrom http://extras.springer.com. ISBN978-3-319-50267-0 ISBN978-3-319-50269-4(eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50269-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017944730 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright. AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerial isconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,repro- ductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronic adaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc. inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelieved tobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication. Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawar- ranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhave beenmade. Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutional affiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface to the 24th German Edition (2018) and the 2nd English Edition (2018) AccompanyingVolume1,thissecondvolumeof“Pohl”willbepublishedinanup-to-dateformat, withamodernsystemofnumberingofthechapters,equationsandfiguresandwithexercisesatthe endofeachchapter. Onceagain,wehavetakentheopportunitytocarry outacriticalreadingof thewholetext. Alongwithnumerousclarificationsandnewformulations,wehaverevisedmany figuresandcommentstoconformwithmodernnotationandsymbols,inordertomakereviewing thematerialandreferencetootherliteratureasstraightforwardaspossible. As inVolume1, wehavecarried outmajorrevisionstotheaccompanyingvideos. Inthee-book format,theywillbereadilyaccessibleandcanbeopeneddirectlybyclickingonthelinksprovided. ThisistruealsoofsupplementaryreferencesfromtheInternet,andofthehistoricaldocumentary “Simplicity is the Mark of Truth – the Life and Work of Robert Wichard Pohl” by the science journalistEkkehardSieker(seethePrefacetothe22ndedition,sidenote).Hehasdealtextensively withthebiographyofRobertWichardPohlinGöttingen. Onceagain,itisourpleasureanddutytoexpresslythanktheErstesPhysikalischesInstitutatthe Georg-August-UniversitätGöttingenandtheFachbereichPhysikattheFreieUniversitätBerlinfor generous support. Special thanks go to Prof. K. Samwer, Prof. G. Beuermann, Mr. J. Feist and Mr.C.MahnfromGöttingen,aswellasmostespeciallyDr.J.KirsteinfromtheFreieUniversität Berlin,withoutwhosehelpthepreparationofthevideosforthisneweditionwouldnothavebeen possible. The first English edition of Pohl’s “Physical Principles of Electricity and Magnetism” appeared in1930(translated, aswashis“PhysicalPrinciplesofMechanicsandAcoustics”twoyearslater, by Winifred M. Deans). It was published by Blackie & Son, Ltd., London and Glasgow. The translationwasbasedonthesecondeditionofPohl’s“EinführungindiePhysik,Elektrizitätslehre” (JuliusSpringer,1929). Thepresentnew,secondEnglisheditionisbasedonthe24theditionof“PohlsEinführungindie Physik”,Vol.2(ElektrizitätslehreundOptik,SpringerSpektrum,BerlinHeidelberg2018). Again,wegratefullyacknowledgethehelpofProfessorW.D.BrewerfromtheFachbereichPhysik oftheFreieUniversitätBerlin,notonlyforcarryingoutthetranslationofthetextwithgreatquality andspeed,butalso,andthisisprobablyevenmoreimportant,forhishelpwiththeidentification andclarificationofunclearpartsinthetextandinourcomments.TheEnglish-languagereaderswill appreciatethenumerouslinksheaddedforfurtherinformation.WeowethanksalsotoE.Siekerfor histranslationandproductionoftheEnglishversionofhisvideobiographyofR.W.Pohl,whichis includedinthelinksforthisedition. WealsowishtothankDr. T.SchneiderandtheSpringer-Verlag formakingthiseditionpossible, andfortheirgeneroushelpincarryingoutitspreparationandproduction. Berlin,Göttingen,Ithaca,March2017 K.Lüders R.O.Pohl v From the Preface to the 23rd German Edition (2009) After the publication of Vol. 1 of R.W. POHL’s Introduction to Physics, covering the topics of Mechanics, Acoustics and Thermodynamicsin a new, revised edition in 2008, we nowfollow it with this Vol. 2, dealing with Electromagnetism and Optics, likewise as a newly-revised edition. Wehaveagaintakentheopportunitytoaddsupplementalinformationwhereitseemedappropriate tous. Inadditiontoneworrevisedcommentsandanumberofclarificationsinthetext,thenovel features include in particular a series of videos showing demonstration experiments as well as acollectionofexercisesforthereaders. ThechapteronFerromagnetismfromearliereditionswas againincludedinthesectiononElectromagnetism. The additionalvideosfor this edition were recorded underourown direction in thenew physics lecturehallattheUniversityofGöttingen,orelseincooperationwiththePhysicsDidacticsGroup attheFreeUniversityinBerlin. Themainpartoftheexercisesonelectromagnetismcomesfrom theoriginalEnglish-languageeditionof1930;however,wehaveagainaddednewexercisestoboth theElectromagnetismandOpticssections.Theydealinparticularwithquestionswhichariseinthe text,thefigures,orthevideos,andsoprovideadditionalinformationandanaidtounderstanding theconceptsintroduced;theyarethusintendedtomakeiteasierforthereadertoreviewanddigest thematerialinthebook. BerlinandGöttingen,June2009 K.Lüders R.O.Pohl vii From the Preface to the 22nd German Edition ROBERTWICHARDPOHLcompletedhisthree-volume“IntroductiontoPhysics”in1940withthe publicationofthefirsteditionofhis“Optics”. After wehadeditedthenew, revised firstvolume coveringthefieldsofMechanics,AcousticsandThermodynamicsin2004,wedecidedtocombine thechaptersonthefundamentalsofElectromagnetismandOpticsintoasecondvolume. Aswith thefirstvolume,wewantedtomakeanappropriateselectionofthematerialfromthemanyprevious editions. The present Vol. 2 is based on the 20th editionof the “Elektrizitätslehre” and the12th editionof“OptikundAtomphysik”,bothofwhichappearedin1967.Forthisvolume,asforVol.1, the IWF Wissen und Medien (Institute for Scientific Films) in Göttingen prepared short videos showingoriginaldemonstrationexperiments.TheyaremadeavailablewiththebookasaDVD. In addition, the DVD contains the historical documentary film1 “Simplicity is the Mark of Truth” (Original title: “Einfachheit ist das Zeichen des Wahren”, Pohl’s scientific motto; see theComment),whichwasplanned,researchedand,togetherwiththeDüsseldorfproductionstudio ‘Kiosque’,filmedbythescientificjournalistEkkehardSieker.Thefilmoffersadetailedviewofthe lifeandworkofRobertWichardPohlinGöttingen. ItdescribeshowR.W.Pohl,togetherwithhis famouscolleaguesMaxBornandJamesFranck,madeessentialcontributionstoresearchandthe teachingofphysicsinGermanyinthe1920’s.ThePhysicsInstitutesoftheUniversityofGöttingen in those days became one of the internationally most important centers of physics. Max Born engagedearlyoninresearchintoEinstein’stheoryofrelativityandmadeimportantcontributions tothetheoreticalfoundationofmodernquantumtheory.JamesFranck’sresearchinterestslikewise layinthefieldofquantummechanics,inparticularintheareasofatomicandmolecularphysics. R.W.Pohlwasapioneerofsolid-statephysics,andthroughhisresearchandasabrilliantteacher, heinfluencedgenerationsofphysicistsfromallovertheworld. Theexcellentstandingofphysics inGöttingenwasbroughttoanabruptendbythepoliticaltakeoveroftheNationalSocialist(Nazi) Party at the end of January, 1933. Max Born and James Franck were forced to emigrate from Germany; R.W.PohlremainedasthesolephysicsprofessorinGöttingen. Hewasnotapublicly politicalperson–hewasascientist,whoseareaofcommitmentwasinhisInstitute. 1Video: “SimplicityistheMarkofTruth” –theLifeandWorkofRobertWichardPohl– http://tiny.cc/xucxny ThetitleofthisfilmisthetranslationofPohl’sscientificmotto,“Simplexsigillumveri”,underwhichheheldhis famouslecturesoverseveraldecades. ItwaswrittenonthefrontwallofthephysicslecturehallinGöttingen,and wasoccasionallymistranslatedbyjokestersas“Sealingwaxistheonlytruth”. Pohl’ssuccessor,R.Hilsch,feltthat themottowasnolongertimelyandhaditremovedduringarenovationofthelecturehallsometimelater. “SummerFestival1952” “ColorCenters” “R.W.Pohl’sFarewellLecture”(Audioonly) “Dr.h.c.forErnestRutherford”(Audioonly) ix x FromthePrefacetothe22ndGermanEdition However,inthecourseofhisresearchforthefilm,E.Siekercameuponthelittle-knownfactthat R.W. Pohlhad contacts to the civil resistance group around Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, which op- posedtheNaziregime. FollowingthefailedassassinationattemptonHitlerofJuly20th,1944,his friend and contact to the Goerdeler Group, teacher and lecturer Hermann Kaiser, was sentenced to death and was executed on the 23rd of January 1945in Berlin-Plötzensee. After the German capitulation, theBritish OccupyingForces madeR.W.Pohl, amongothers, amemberoftheDe- nazificationCommissionfortheUniversityofGöttingen.Pohlhimselfregardeditasanobligation oftheUniversitytomakemajorrestitutionstothescientistswhowereforcedtoleavein1933.The filmcontainsmanyhistoricaldocumentsandinterviewswithrelatives, friendsandothercontem- poraries,givinganexceptionalinsightintothelifeofthephysicistRobertWichardPohl. BerlinandGöttingen,August2005 K.Lüders R.O.Pohl R.W. Pohl (1884–1976) R.W. POHL(1884–1976) discussingcolorcenters(F-centers), elementarycrystallatticedefectswhichwere discovered at his instituteand investigated there for many years. He is shown during a visit to the Ansco ResearchLaboratoryinBinghamton,NY,intheyear1951.DetailsofPOHL’slifeandworkcanbefoundonthe websitehttp://rwpohl.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.deoftheMaxPlanckInstitutefortheHistoryofScience(MPIWG). There, onecanfindlinkstootherliterature,scientificinstitutionsandwebsiteswhichofferinformationand documentsontheteachingandresearchofthefamousphysicistinGöttingen. Inaddition, thedocumentary video“SimplicityistheMarkofTruth”byEKKEHARDSIEKER(Video1)canbefoundontheMPIWGweb site,togetherwithalltheothervideosfrombothvolumesandotheraudiovisualmaterials,availablebothfor videostreamingorasdownloads. Contents PartI ElectricityandMagnetism 1 TheMeasurementofElectricCurrentandVoltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 PreliminaryRemarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 ElectricCurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 TheTechnicalDesignofCurrentMetersorAmmeters. . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4 TheCalibrationofCurrentMetersorAmmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.5 TheElectricVoltageorPotentialDifference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.6 TheTechnicalDesignofStaticVoltmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.7 TheCalibrationofVoltmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.8 Current-CarryingVoltmeters. ElectricalResistance . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.9 SomeExamplesofCurrentsandVoltagesofVaryingStrengths . . . 17 1.10 CurrentImpulsesandTheirMeasurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.11 CurrentandVoltageInstrumentswithaShortResponseTime. Cathode-RayTubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.12 MeasurementsofElectricalEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2 TheElectricField . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1 PreliminaryRemarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2 BasicObservations. DifferentFormsofElectricFields . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3 ElectricFieldsinVacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4 TheElectricCharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.5 FieldsinMatter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.6 ChargesCanMoveWithinConductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.7 InfluenceandItsExplanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.8 TheFreeChargesontheSurfaceofaConductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.9 CurrentSourcesDeliveringHighVoltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 xiii
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