Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook - A Plumbing Engineer’s Guide to System Design and Specifications, Volume 1 - Fundamentals of Plumbing Engineering

396 Pages·2009·11.34 MB·English

American Society of Plumbing Engineers
Plumbing Engineering
Design Handbook
A Plumbing Engineer’s Guide to System Design and Specifications
Volume 1
Fundamentals of
Plumbing Engineering
American Society of Plumbing Engineers
2980 S. River Road
Des Plaines, IL 60618
The ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information for the design and
specification of plumbing systems. The publisher makes no guarantees or warranties, expressed or implied, regarding the data and infor-
mation contained in this publication. All data and information are provided with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in
rendering legal, consulting, engineering, or other professional services. If legal, consulting, or engineering advice or other expert assistance
is required, the services of a competent professional should be engaged.
American Society of Plumbing Engineers
2980 S. River Road
Des Plaines, IL 60618
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Copyright © 2009 by American Society of Plumbing Engineers
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ISBN 978-1-891255-10-6
Printed in China
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Table of Contents vii
Figures
Figure 1-1 Square ....................................................... 3
Figure 1-2 Rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Figure 1-3 Rhombus ..................................................... 3
Figure 1-4 Rhomboid..................................................... 4
Figure 1-5 Trapezoid..................................................... 4
Figure 1-6 Trapezium .................................................... 4
Figure 1-7 Right-Angle Triangle............................................ 4
Figure 1-8 Isosceles Triangle .............................................. 4
Figure 1-9 Ellipse........................................................ 4
Figure 1-10 Cylinder ..................................................... 4
Figure 1-11 Cube or Rectangular Solid ...................................... 4
Figure 1-12 Pyramid ..................................................... 4
Figure 1-13 Cone ........................................................ 4
Figure 1-14 Circle ....................................................... 4
Figure 1-15 Triangle ..................................................... 5
Figure 6-1 Dimensions of Adult-Sized Wheelchairs .......................... 100
Figure 6-2 Clear Floor Space for Wheelchairs............................... 101
Figure 6-3 Wheelchair Approaches........................................ 102
Figure 6-4 Clear Floor Space in Alcoves.................................... 102
Figure 6-5 Unobstructed Forward Reach Limit.............................. 103
Figure 6-6 Forward Reach Over an Obstruction............................. 103
Figure 6-7 Unobstructed Side Reach Limit................................. 104
Figure 6-8 Obstructed Side Reach Limit ................................... 104
Figure 6-9 Cantilevered Drinking Fountains and Water Coolers................ 104
Figure 6-10 Horizontal Angle of Water Stream — Plan View .................. 105
Figure 6-11 Leg Clearances.............................................. 105
Figure 6-12 Ambulatory Accessible Stall................................... 106
Figure 6-13 Wheelchair Accessible Toilet Stalls — Door Swing Out ............. 106
Figure 6-14 Clear Floor Space at Water Closets ............................. 107
Figure 6-15 Water Closet — Side View..................................... 107
Figure 6-16 Water Closet — Front View ................................... 107
Figure 6-17 Wheelchair Accessible Toilet Stalls — Door Swing In .............. 108
Figure 6-18 Clear Floor Space at Lavatories and Sinks ....................... 109
Figure 6-19 Clear Floor Space at Bathtubs ................................. 110
viii ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook—Volume 1
Figure 6-20 Bathtub Accessories ......................................... 111
Figure 6-21 Transfer Type Shower Stall ................................... 112
Figure 6-22 Roll-in Type Shower Stall..................................... 112
Figure 6-23 Grab Bars at Shower Stalls.................................... 113
Figure 6-24 Size and Spacing of Grab Bars ................................. 114
Figure 6-25 Shower Seat Design.......................................... 114
Figure 7-1 Energy Savings from Reduced Faucet Flow Rates .................. 119
Figure 7-2 Refrigeration Waste Heat Recovery.............................. 124
Figure 7-3 Condenser Water Heat Recovery ................................ 124
Figure 7-4 Condenser Water Heat Recovery with Storage Tank ................ 125
Figure 7-5 Wastewater Heat Recovery..................................... 125
Figure 8-1 Basic Corrosion Cell .......................................... 130
Figure 8-2 Basic Cell Applied to an Underground Structure ................... 130
Figure 8-3 Uniform Attack .............................................. 131
Figure 8-4 Pitting Corrosion............................................. 131
Figure 8-5 Galvanic Corrosion ........................................... 131
Figure 8-6 Concentration Cells........................................... 131
Figure 8-7 Impingement Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Figure 8-8 Stress Corrosion ............................................. 131
Figure 8-9 (A) Plug-Type Dezincification, (B) Layer-Type Dezincification ........ 131
Figure 8-10 Stray Current Corrosion...................................... 133
Figure 8-11 Corrosion by Differential Environmental Conditions............... 133
Figure 8-12 Cathodic Protection by the Sacrificial Anode Method............... 137
Figure 8-13 Typical Sacrificial Anode Installation ........................... 138
Figure 8-14 Cathodic Protection by the Impressed Current Method............. 139
Figure 9-1 Significant Earthquakes in the United States...................... 145
Figure 9-2 (A) Seismic Zone Map of the United States; (B) Map of Seismic Zones and
Effective, Peak-Velocity-Related Acceleration (Av) for Contiguous 48 States..... 146
Figure 9-3 World Map Showing Relation Between the Major
Tectonic Plates and Recent Earthquakes and Volcanoes..................... 147
Figure 9-4 Elastic Rebound Theory of Earthquake Movement ................. 148
Figure 9-5 Earthquake Ground Accelerations in Epicentral Regions ............ 149
Figure 9-6 Undamped Mechanical Systems: (A)Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems;
(B)Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems. ............................... 150
Figure 9-7 Response Spectrum........................................... 151
Figure 9-8 Domestic Water Heater Seismic Restraints Installed................ 154
Figure 9-9 Suspended Equipment Platform with Seismic Restraints ............ 154
Figure 9-10 Wall Hung Equipment Platform/Drain Pan with Seismic Restraints .. 155
Figure 9-11(A) Three-Dimensional Cylinder Snubber ........................ 155
Figure 9-11(B) Three Directional Angle Snubbers ........................... 156
Figure 9-12 Isolators with Built-In Seismic Restraint ........................ 157
Figure 9-13 Parameters to be Considered for Pipe Bracing .................... 159
Figure 9-14(A) Typical Pipe Bracing ...................................... 161
Figure 9-14(B) Tension 360 Pipe Bracing .................................. 162
Figure 9-14(C) Superstrut............................................... 163
Figure 9-15(A) Transverse Bracing for Pipes ............................... 164
Table of Contents ix
Figure 9-15(B) Longitudinal Bracing for Pipes.............................. 165
Figure 9-15(C) Strut Bracing for Pipes .................................... 166
Figure 9-15(D) Alternate Attachment to Hanger for Pipe Bracing .............. 167
Figure 9-15(E) Alternate Bracing for Pipes................................. 167
Figure 9-15(F) Strut Bracing for Pipe Trapeze.............................. 168
Figure 9-15(G) Connections to Steel Beams ................................ 168
Figure 9-15(H) Connections to Open-Web Steel Joists ........................ 169
Figure 9-15(I) Connections to Steel ....................................... 169
Figure 9-15(J) Hanger Rod Connections ................................... 170
Figure 9-15(K) Hubless Cast-Iron Pipe .................................... 170
Figure 9-15(L) Riser Bracing for Hubless Pipes ............................. 171
Figure 9-15(M) Connections for Pipes on Trapeze. .......................... 171
Figure 9-16 Sway Bracing, 0.5 G Force .................................... 172
Figure 9-17(A) Lateral Sway Bracing...................................... 175
Figure 9-17(B) Lateral and Longitudinal Sway Bracing. ...................... 176
Figure 9-18 Acceptable Types of Sway Bracing.............................. 181
Figure 9-16 Forces for Seismic Design: (A) Equipment; (B) Piping. ............. 182
Figure 9-17 Potential Problems in Equipment Anchorage or Pipe Bracing ....... 183
Figure 10-1 Pipe Isolation Through Framing Member........................ 191
Figure 10-2 Resilient Pipe Isolation....................................... 191
Figure 10-3 Vertical Mid-span Support .................................... 191
Figure 10-4 Riser Clamp Isolation ........................................ 191
Figure 10-5 Vertical Cast Iron Stacks and Water Risers....................... 192
Figure 10-6 Suspended Waste, Vent, or Other Piping......................... 192
Figure 10-7 Horizontal Joist Bay Support.................................. 192
Figure 10-8 Isolation of Toilet Fixture Waste Pipe ........................... 192
Figure 10-9 Through Wall Stud or Other Wood Framing Member .............. 193
Figure 10-10 Surface-mounted Pipe Clamp................................. 193
Figure 10-11 Horizontal/Vertical Piping ................................... 193
Figure 10-12 Horizontal/Vertical Piping ................................... 193
Figure 10-13 Riser Clamp Isolation ....................................... 194
Figure 10-14 Vertical Cast Iron Stacks and Water Risers...................... 194
Figure 10-15 Suspended Waste, Water, or Other Piping....................... 195
Figure 10-16 Suspended Horizontal Overhead .............................. 195
Figure 10-17 Horizontal Overhead........................................ 195
Figure 10-18 Water, Vent, Waste.......................................... 195
Figure 10-19 Overhead Trapeze Piping.................................... 196
Figure 10-20 Horizontal Joist Bay Support................................. 196
Figure 10-21 Wall-hung Water Closet or Similar............................. 197
Figure 10-22 Wall-mounted Urinal, Sink, or Similar Fixture................... 197
Figure 10-23 Sink Isolation Detail ........................................ 197
Figure 10-24 Wall-hung Fixture with Carrier Support System ................. 197
Figure 10-25 Flush Valve Support ........................................ 198
Figure 10-26 Typical Floor-mounted Toilet Flange........................... 198
Figure 10-27 Floor-mounted Bathtub or Shower Isolation..................... 198
x ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook—Volume 1
Figure 10-28 Lavatory or Sink ........................................... 198
Figure 10-29 Icemaker Box.............................................. 199
Figure 10-30 Laundry Outlet Box ........................................ 199
Figure 10-31 Hot Water Tank Rough-in.................................... 199
Figure 10-32 Mop/Service Sink Rough-in .................................. 199
Figure 10-33 Flexible Connections for Clothes Washer ....................... 200
Figure 10-34 Typical Bathtub Spout ...................................... 200
Figure 10-35 Showerhead Isolation ....................................... 200
Figure 10-36 Bathtub/Shower Rough-in ................................... 201
Figure 10-37 Shower Rough-in........................................... 201
Figure 10-38 Neoprene Hanger Isolator ................................... 203
Figure 10-39 Sump Pumps .............................................. 203
Figure 10-40 Neoprene Mount, Double Deflection ........................... 203
Figure 10-41 Spring-mount Isolator....................................... 204
Figure 10-42 Neoprene Pad Isolator....................................... 204
Figure 10-43 General Mounting Detail for End-suction, Close-coupled Pump..... 204
Figure 10-44 Examples of Flex Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Figure 10-45 Flex Connector Detail....................................... 205
Figure 10-46 Sample Specification Sheets.................................. 205
Figure 10-47 Sample Installation Instruction Sheet.......................... 206
Figure 11-1 Qualitative Results from the Implementation of Value Engineering... 208
Figure 11-2 Value Engineering Job Plan Examples .......................... 209
Figure 11-3 Information Gathering ....................................... 210
Figure 11-4 Sample Value Engineering Worksheet........................... 211
Figure 11-5 Sample Value Engineering Checklist............................ 214
Figure 11-6 Sample Source Record Form................................... 216
Figure 11-7 Cost Structure of Product, Service, or Goods ..................... 217
Figure 11-8 Cost Makeup for Users ....................................... 217
Figure 11-9 Cost Breakdown Checklist .................................... 217
Figure 11-10 Function Definition Verbs and Nouns .......................... 218
Figure 11-11 Sample Functional Analysis Form ............................. 220
Figure 11-12 Basic FAST Model Diagram .................................. 223
Figure 11-13 Simple How Functional Relationship........................... 224
Figure 11-14 Creativity Worksheet........................................ 226
Figure 11-15A Creativity Checklist ....................................... 227
Figure 11-15B Creativity Checklist ....................................... 227
Figure 11-16 Sample Creativity Worksheet................................. 228
Table of Contents xi
Figure 11-17 Sample Idea and Function Evaluation Form..................... 230
Figure 11-18 Sample Functional Development Sketch Form................... 232
Figure 11-19 Example Functional Evaluation .............................. 236
Figure 11-20A Example Functional Evaluation ............................. 238
Figure 11-20B Example Functional Evaluation ............................. 239
Figure 11-20C Example Functional Evaluation ............................. 240
Figure 11-21 Example Functional Analysis................................. 241
Figure 11-22A Example Functional Evaluation ............................. 242
Figure 11-22B Example Functional Evaluation ............................. 243
Figure 11-22C Example Functional Evaluation ............................. 244
Figure 11-23 Example Idea and Functional Evaluation....................... 245
Figure 11-24A Example Functional Evaluation Sketch ....................... 246
Figure 11-24B Example Functional Evaluation Sketch ....................... 247
Figure 11-25 Risk Guide ................................................ 248
Figure 11-26 Sample Cost/Improvement Recommendation Form................ 250
Figure 11-27 Example of Value Engineering Change Proposal Contract Clause ... 251
Figure 12-1 A Makeshift Attempt to Support a Water Heater versus
an Engineered Solution............................................... 254
Figure 12-2 Sample Specification Language ................................ 254
Figure 12-3 Sample Installation Detail Drawing............................. 255
Figure 12-4 Sample Product Spec Sheet ................................... 256
Figure 12-5 Condensate Drain Stub-out (Poor).............................. 257
Figure 12-6 Sink Rough-in (Poor)......................................... 257
Figure 12-7 Toilet Rough-in (Poor)........................................ 257
Figure 12-8 Toilet Rough-in (Engineered).................................. 257
Figure 12-9 Shower Head Rough-in (Poor) ................................. 257
Figure 12-10 Shower Head Rough-in (Engineered)........................... 257
Figure 12-11 Poor Attempt at Dissimilar Metal Isolation...................... 258
Figure 12-12 Appropriate Dissimilar Metal Isolation......................... 258
Figure 12-13 Dissimilar Metal Contact with Tie Wire ........................ 258
Figure 12-14 Appropriate Dissimilar Metal Isolation......................... 258
Figure 12-15 Makeshift Suspended Equipment Platform...................... 259
Figure 12-16 Engineered Suspended Equipment Platform .................... 259
Figure 12-17 Engineered Wall-hung Equipment Platform..................... 259
Figure 12-18 Makeshift Lavatory Rough-in................................. 259
Figure 12-19 Engineered Lavatory Rough-in ............................... 259
Figure 12-20 Sample Plumbing Detail Page ................................ 260
Table of Contents xiii
Tables
Table 1-1 Standard Plumbing Drawing Symbols............................... 8
Table 1-2 Standard Fire-Protection Piping Symbols........................... 12
Table 1-3 Commonly Used Plumbing Abbreviations........................... 14
Table 1-4 Temperature Conversion Chart, °F – °C ............................ 37
Table 1-5 Conversion to SI Units .......................................... 38
Table 2-1 Codes Listed by Category ........................................ 42
Table 2-2 Standards Listed by Category .................................... 42
Table 2-3 Complete List of Standards by Standard-writing Organization ......... 45
Table 3-1 Changes Between 1995 and 2004 Versions of MasterFormat............ 60
Table 4-1 Piping Take-off Sample.......................................... 86
Table 4-2 Hours to Excavate 100 Feet [30.5 m] of Trench ...................... 87
Table 4-3 To Sawcut 100 Feet [30.5 m] of ConcreteTrench ..................... 87
Table 4-4 To Break 100 Feet [30.5 m] of Pavement............................ 87
Table 4-5 Hours to Backfill 100 Feet [30.5 m] of Trench ....................... 88
Table 4-6 Hours to Complete 100 Joints .................................... 88
Table 4-7 Hours to Install 100 Pipe Hangers................................. 89
Table 4-8 Hours to Install Fixtures ........................................ 89
Table 4-9 Adjustments from Standard Conditions ............................ 89
Table 4-10 Solution to Example 4-1 ........................................ 89
Table 4-11 Solution to Example 4-2 ........................................ 90
Table 6-1 Graphic Conventions........................................... 100
Table 7-1 Energy Savings Chart for Steel Hot Water Pipes and Tanks........... 120
Table 7-2 Energy Savings Chart for Copper Hot Water Pipes .................. 120
Table 7-3 The Effect of Stopping Circulation ............................... 120
Table 8-1 Electrochemical Metal Losses of Some Common Metals .............. 129
Table 8-2 Galvanic Series of Metals ....................................... 132
Table 8-3 Electromotive Force Series...................................... 132
Table 8-4 Corrosion Rates for Common Metals.............................. 134
Table 8-5 Chemical Resistance for Common Plastics ......................... 141
Table 9-1 Piping Weights for Determining Horizontal Load ................... 177
Table 9-2 Assigned Load Table for Lateral and Longitudinal Sway Bracing....... 178
Table 9-3 Maximum Horizontal Loads for Sway Bracing...................... 178
Table 10-1 Decibel Reduction Effect on Subjective Sound Perception............ 188
Table 10-2 Impact Insulation Classes...................................... 188
Table 10-3 Recommended Static Deflection for Pump Vibration-Isolation Devices .. 202
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Formulas, Symbols, and Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Formulae Commonly Used in Plumbing Engineering............................ 1
Symbols................................................................. 7
Plumbing Terminology ................................................... 16
Plumbing Acronyms...................................................... 32
Plastic Piping Acronyms .................................................. 32
Recommended Practice for Conversion to the International System of Units........ 33
Terminology and Abbreviations ......................................... 33
Types of Conversion .................................................. 33
SI Units and Symbols ................................................. 33
Non-SI Units and Symbols for Use with the SI System ...................... 34
SI Units Style and Use ................................................ 34
Si Unit Conversion Factors ................................................ 35
References.............................................................. 39
Chapter 2: Standards for Plumbing Materials and Equipment. . . . . . .41
Chapter 3: Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Construction Contract Documents .......................................... 55
Definition of Terms ...................................................... 55
Project Manual.......................................................... 56
Specifications ........................................................... 57
Uniformat.............................................................. 57
MasterFormat........................................................... 58
MasterFormat 2004—An Overview.......................................... 58
MasterFormat 2004 in Ten Easy Lessons..................................... 59
Methods of Specification .................................................. 60
Descriptive Specification............................................... 60
Performance Specification.............................................. 61
Proprietary Specification............................................... 61
Creating the Specification Section .......................................... 62
Part 1 .............................................................. 63
Part 2 .............................................................. 64
Part 3 .............................................................. 64
ii ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook—Volume 1
Use of Computers in Producing Specifications................................. 65
Conclusion ............................................................. 65
Resources .............................................................. 65
Appendix 3-A1: CSI UniFormat, Uniform Classification (1995 Edition) ............ 65
Appendix 3-A2: CSI MasterFormat, Level One Division Titles (1995 Edition) ....... 66
Appendix 3-A3:CSI MasterFormat, Level Two Section Titles (1995 Edition)........ 66
Appendix 3-A4:CSI MasterFormat, Level Three Section Titles (Selected Sections, 1 995 Edition)
................................................................... 68
Appendix 3-A5:CSI MasterFormat, Level Four Section Titles (Selected Sections from Division 15,
Section 200, 1995 Edition) ............................................. 68
Appendix 3-B1: Section Shell Outline........................................ 69
Appendix 3-C1: CSI MasterFormat Divisions (2004 Edition) ..................... 72
Appendix 3-C2: MasterFormat 2004 Facility Construction Subgroup .............. 74
Appendix 3-C3:MasterFormat 2004 Facility Construction Subgroup .............. 75
Appendix 3-C4:MasterFormat 2004 Facility Construction Subgroup .............. 76
Appendix 3-C5:MasterFormat 2004 Facility Construction Subgroup .............. 79
Appendix 3-C6: MasterFormat 2004 Facility Construction Subgroup .............. 83
Chapter 4: Plumbing Cost Estimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Labor Costs............................................................. 86
Take-off Estimating Method ............................................... 86
Productivity Rates ....................................................... 87
Other Estimating Methods ................................................ 88
Other Cost Factors....................................................... 89
Chapter 5: Job Preparation, Drawings, and Field Reports . . . . . . . . . .91
Job Preparation Guidelines................................................ 91
Plumbing Drawing Guidelines ............................................. 92
Document Checklist...................................................... 94
Drawing Plans ....................................................... 94
Drawing Risers and Details............................................. 94
Schedules and Specifications............................................ 94
Field Checklist .......................................................... 95
Building Drains ...................................................... 95
Water and Gas Services................................................ 95
Above Grade Rough-in ................................................ 95
Final ............................................................... 96
Chapter 6: Plumbing for People with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Background............................................................. 97
Legislation ............................................................. 98
Americans with Disabilities Act ......................................... 98
Design................................................................. 99
Clear Floor or Ground Space for Wheelchairs ................................. 99
Plumbing Elements and Facilities.......................................... 101
References............................................................. 115