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Power Systems Sumedha Rajakaruna Farhad Shahnia Arindam Ghosh Editors Plug In Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids Charging Strategies Power Systems More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4622 Sumedha Rajakaruna Farhad Shahnia (cid:129) Arindam Ghosh Editors Plug In Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids Charging Strategies 123 Editors SumedhaRajakaruna Arindam Ghosh Electrical andComputer Engineering Electrical andComputer Engineering Curtin University Curtin University Perth, WA Perth, WA Australia Australia FarhadShahnia Electrical andComputer Engineering Curtin University Perth, WA Australia ISSN 1612-1287 ISSN 1860-4676 (electronic) PowerSystems ISBN 978-981-287-316-3 ISBN 978-981-287-317-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-317-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014957146 SpringerSingaporeHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface PluginElectricVehicles(PEVs)useenergystoragesusuallyintheformofbattery banks that are designed to be recharged using utility grid power. One category of PEVs are Electric Vehicles (EVs) without an internal-combustion (IC) engine wheretheenergystoredinthebatterybankistheonlysourceofpowertodrivethe vehicle. These are also referred as Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). The second category of PEVs, which is more commercialized than the EVs, is the Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) where the role of energy storage is to supple- mentthepowerproducedbytheICengine.ThesetwotypesofPEVsarepredicted todominate theautomobilemarketby2030.WidespreadadoptionofPEVsallows the world to reduce carbon emissions in transportation needs significantly. There- fore, it is vital to the success of a collective global effort in meeting the climate energy targets and to reduce the dependence on increasingly scarce fossil fuels. However, there are a host of challenges thrust upon utility grid operators on how best to meet, control and coordinate the power demand arising due to charging of PEVs. This book covers the recent research advancements in the area of charging strategiesthatcanbeemployedtoaccommodatetheanticipatedhighdeploymentof PEVs in smart grids. Recent literature has focused on various potential issues of uncoordinated charging of PEVs and methods of overcoming such challenges. These innovative approaches include hierarchical coordinated control, model predictive control, optimal control strategies to minimize load variance, smart PEV load management based on load forecasting, integrating renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic arrays to supplement grid power, using wireless communi- cation networks to coordinate the charging load of a smart grid and using market price ofelectricity and customerspayment tocoordinate thechargingload. Hence, thisbookincludesmanynewstrategiesproposedrecentlybyresearchersaroundthe world to address the issues related to coordination of charging load of PEVs in a futuresmartgrid.Thebookisaimedatengineers,systemplanners,researchersand graduatestudentswhoaresearchingforthelatestdevelopmentsinresearch related to charging strategies of PEVs in smart grids. v Contents 1 Charging Coordination Paradigms of Electric Vehicles. . . . . . . . . 1 Alexander Schuller 2 Control and Management of PV Integrated Charging Facilities for PEVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Preetham Goli and Wajiha Shireen 3 Hierarchical Coordinated Control Strategies for Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Zechun Hu, Yonghua Song and Zhiwei Xu 4 Impacts of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Integration in Distribution Networks Under Different Charging Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Filipe J. Soares, Pedro N.P. Barbeiro, Clara Gouveia and João A.P. Lopes 5 Smart Management of PEV Charging Enhanced by PEV Load Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 E. Xydas, C. Marmaras, L.M. Cipcigan and N. Jenkins 6 Optimal Charging Strategies of Plug-in Electric Vehicles for Minimizing Load Variance Within Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Linni Jian, Guoqing Xu and C.C. Chan 7 A Model Predictive Control-Based Approach for Plug-in Electric Vehicles Charging: Power Tracking, Renewable Energy Sources Integration and Driver Preferences Satisfaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Alessandro Di Giorgio and Francesco Liberati vii viii Contents 8 QoS Schemes for Charging Plug-in Electric Vehicles in a Smart Grid Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Irfan S. Al-Anbagi and Hussein T. Mouftah 9 Centralized Charging Control of Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Effects on Day-Ahead Electricity Market Price . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Pavan Balram, Le Anh Tuan and Lina Bertling Tjernberg 10 Optimal In-Home Charge Scheduling of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Incorporating Customer’s Payment and Inconvenience Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Mahmud Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Soroush Shafiee and Mohammad Rastegar Reviewers K. Ramalingam, Indian Institute of Technology, India Charalampos Marmaras, Cardiff University, UK N. Mithulananthan, University of Queensland, Australia Pol Olivella-Rosell, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech., Spain Suryanarayana Doolla, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Okan Arslan, Bilkent University, Turkey Mahmud Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Sharif University of Technology, Iran Daniela Proto, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy Linni Jian, South University of Science and Technology of China, China David Ciechanowicz, TUM CREATE, Singapore Erotokritos Xydas, Cardiff University, UK Preetham Goli, University of Houston, USA Abdul Motin Howlader, University of the Ryukyus, Japan Arye Nehorai, Washington University, USA Qiang Yang, Zhejiang University, China Martin Maier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Canada Pavan Balram, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden ix Chapter 1 Charging Coordination Paradigms of Electric Vehicles Alexander Schuller Abstract TheSmartGridenablesbidirectionalcommunicationbetweendistributed actors and resources in the power system. In particular Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs)areanewtypeofloadthathasaconsiderable(time)flexibilityinitsdemand. In order to integrate and harvest this flexibility within a DSM (Demand Side Management) program, the charging of PEVs needs to be coordinated. The coor- dinationmustoccurwithrespecttoagivenobjective.Inaddition,thecoordinationof demandrequirementscanbeperformedwithindifferentcommunicationandcontrol architectures. The main architectural concepts that can be distinguished are decen- tralised and centralised control architectures. These categories refer to the level on whichthechargingdecisionismade,givenanobjectiveandconstraintsthatneedto bemetgivenacertainuserscenario.Thisworkreviewsindetailtherecentworkwith respecttodifferent chargingcoordinationparadigmsanddistinguishesbetweenthe following main objectives: grid integration and technical implications, explicit integration and direct utilization and balancing of renewable energy sources and finally,economicdrivendecisions.Thediscussionperformedinthischaptershows that in the category with a predominantly technical focus, V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) andgridload(regionalandsystem-wide)impactsarethemainresearchareas.Work looking into the integration ability of renewable energy sources enabled by PEV demandflexibilityisinparticularfocusedonthereductionofimbalancesstemming fromfluctuatinggenerators,e.g.windpower,onasystemandalsoonregionalscales under consideration of grid constraints. Short term storage applications are also discussed, but the coordination of PEV demand flexibility by dynamic price incentivesisnotcoveredveryextensively.Workfromtheeconomicdomainfocuses on the assessment of regulation market participation and day-ahead wholesale marketorientedcharging.Theseapproachesinturndonotintensivelyinvestigatethe effect of cost minimizing charging strategies with respect to the utilization offluc- tuating renewable energy sources. By consistently discussing recent work from variousareaslookingintotheversatilefacetsofchargingcoordinationparadigmsof A.Schuller(&) FZIResearchCenterforInformationTechnology,Karlsruhe,Germany e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2015 1 S.Rajakarunaetal.(eds.),PlugInElectricVehiclesinSmartGrids, PowerSystems,DOI10.1007/978-981-287-317-0_1