Plastics Additives and Testing

228 Pages·2013·3.38 MB·English

by  Muralisrinivasan Natamai Subramanian(auth.)

Plastics Additives and Testing
Scrivener Publishing
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SalemMA01970
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Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Plastics Additives
and Testing
Muralisrinivasan Natamai
Subramanian
Scrivener
WILEY
Copyright © 2013 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
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Cover design by Russell Richardson
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-11890-0
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
Contents
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Summary 4
References 4
2 Thermoplastics and Thermosets 5
2.1 Benefits/Advantages of Plastics 5
2.2 Classification 7
2.3 Thermoplastics 7
2.3.1 Polyolefins 8
2.3.2 Polystyrene 11
2.3.3 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 12
2.3.4 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) 12
2.3.5 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 14
2.3.6 Polyesters 15
2.3.7 Nylons 18
2.3.8 Polycarbonate 19
2.3.9 Polyoxymethylene (POM) 20
2.3.10 Biodegradable Plastics 21
2.4 Thermosets 22
2.4.1 Phenol-formaldehyde 23
2.4.2 Melamine-formaldehyde (MF) 24
2.4.3 Epoxies 25
References 26
V
vi CONTENTS
3 Types of Additives 35
3.1 Selection of Additives 36
3.2 Surface Property Modifiers 36
3.2.1 Antiblocking Agents 37
3.2.2 Antifogging Agents 37
3.2.3 Antistatic Agents 38
3.2.4 Coupling Agents 39
3.2.5 Release Agents 40
3.3 Chemical Property Modifiers 40
3.3.1 Antioxidants 41
3.3.2 Biocides 43
3.3.3 Flame Retardants 43
3.3.4 UV Stabilizers 44
3.4 Processing Modifiers 45
3.4.1 Blowing Agents 46
3.4.2 Crosslinking Agents 46
3.4.3 Heat Stabilizers 47
3.4.4 Plasticizers 49
3.4.5 Processing Aids 51
3.4.6 Lubricants 52
3.5 Mechanical Property Modifiers 53
3.5.1 Fillers 54
3.5.2 Impact Modifiers 57
3.5.3 Nucleating Agents 58
3.5.4 Reinforcing Fibers 58
3.6 Aesthetic Property Modifiers 59
3.6.1 Coloring Agents 60
3.6.2 Odorants 61
3.7 Other Additives 61
3.7.1 Curing Agents 61
3.7.2 Clarifying Agents 62
3.7.3 Chain Extenders 62
3.7.4 Accelerators 63
3.7.5 Slip Additive or Antislip Agents 63
3.7.6 Anti-Plate-Out Additives 63
3.7.7 Antiplasticizers 64
3.8 Additives from Natural Sources 64
References 65
CONTENTS vii
4 Plastics Additive and Chemistry 73
4.1 Properties of Plastics 74
4.2 Chemistry of Additives 74
4.3 Chemical Properties of Additives 75
4.3.1 Antioxidants 76
4.3.2 Stabilizers 79
4.3.3 Surface Active Additives 82
4.3.4 Static Charge and Antistatic Additive 82
4.3.5 Antifogging Agents 82
4.3.6 Anti-blocking Agents 83
4.3.7 Nucleating Agents 83
4.3.8 Lubricants 84
4.3.9 Impact Modifiers 85
4.3.10 Processing Aids 86
4.3.11 Biocides 86
4.3.12 Plasticizers 87
4.3.13 Foaming Agents 89
4.3.14 Organic Peroxides 92
4.3.15 Flame Retardants 92
4.3.16 Fillers 93
4.3.17 Colorants 94
References 94
5 Organic Additives 101
5.1 Antioxidants 102
5.2 Antistatic Agents 102
5.3 Antifogging Agents 103
5.4 Antiblocking Agents 104
5.5 Slip Additives 105
5.6 UV Stabilizers 105
5.6.1 Radical Scavengers and Quenchers 106
5.7 Nucleating Agents 107
5.8 Flame Retardants 107
5.9 Lubricants 110
5.9.1 Metal Soaps 111
5.10 Plasticizers 112
5.11 Impact Modifiers 113
viii CONTENTS
5.12 Fillers 113
5.12.1 Starch 114
5.12.2 Natural Fibers 114
5.12.3 Wood Fibers 114
5.13 Organic Colorants 115
5.13.1 Phthalocyanine Pigments 115
5.13.2 Anthraquinone Pigments 116
5.13.3 Azo Pigments 116
5.13.4 Other Pigments 116
5.14 Foaming Agents 117
5.15 Chain Extenders 118
5.16 Organic Peroxides 118
5.17 Accelerators 119
5.18 Activators 119
References 120
6 Inorganic Additives 125
6.1 Heat Stabilizers 126
6.2 Flame Retardants 127
6.3 Fillers 128
6.3.1 Calcium Carbonate 129
6.3.2 Nanofillers 130
6.3.3 Silica 131
6.3.4 Mica 131
6.3.5 Solid Glass Spheres 132
6.3.6 Talc 133
6.3.7 Asbestos 133
6.3.8 Zinc Oxide 133
6.3.9 Barium Sulfate 134
6.3.10 Calcined Alumina 134
6.3.11 Aluminum Trihydrate (ATH) 134
6.3.12 Zirconia and Zirconium Silicate 134
6.3.13 Reinforcing Fillers 135
6.3.14 Glass Fiber 135
6.3.15 Other Applications of Fillers 136
6.4 Blowing Agents 137
6.5 Inorganic Colorants 138
6.6 Antimicrobial Agents 139
References 140
CONTENTS ix
7 Additives and Processing 145
7.1 Plastics Processing 145
7.2 Nature of Plastics 146
7.3 Nature of Additives 148
7.4 Plastics Processing Technology 149
7.5 Injection Molding 150
7.5.1 Basic Operations 150
7.5.2 Mold 151
7.5.3 Problems and Solutions 151
7.6 Extrusion 153
7.6.1 Basic Operations 153
7.6.2 Pipe Extrusion 154
7.6.3 Film Extrusion 154
7.6.4 Problems and Solutions 155
7.6.5 Pipe Extrusion 156
7.6.6 Foam Extrusion 156
7.6.7 Plate-Out 156
7.7 Blow Molding 157
7.7.1 Extrusion Blow Molding 157
7.8 Thermoforming 157
7.9 Role of Additive 158
7.9.1 Injection Molding 159
7.9.2 Extrusion 159
7.10 Rotational Molding 159
7.11 Calendering 160
7.11.1 Problems and Solutions 161
7.12 Thermosets and Processing 161
7.12.1 Problems and Solutions 163
References 163
8 Identification of Additives 167
8.1 Melting and Boiling Point 168
8.2 Organic Additives 168
8.2.1 Elemental Analysis 168
8.2.2 Flame Retardants 170
8.2.3 Plasticizers 170
8.2.4 Phenolic Additives 170
8.2.5 Amides Additives 170
x CONTENTS
8.3 Inorganic Additives 171
8.3.1 Elemental Analysis 171
8.4 Morphology 173
8.5 Mass Spectrometry 173
8.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 173
8.7 Benefits 174
References 174
9 Testing of Additives 177
9.1 Plastics and Additives in Analysis 178
9.2 Properties of Additives 178
9.3 Testing of Additives 179
9.4 Brabender Plastographs 179
9.5 Extraction of Polymer Additives Systems 181
9.5.1 Dissolution Technique 181
9.5.2 Digestion with Microwave 182
9.5.3 Extraction with Supercritical Fluid 183
9.6 Liquid Chromatography 184
9.7 Gas Chromatography 186
9.8 Thermal Analysis 188
9.8.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 190
9.9 Thermogravimetric-Mass Spectrometry 192
9.10 FTIR Spectroscopy 194
9.11 Quantitative Analysis of Additives 196
9.11.1 Oxirane Oxygen Present in Epoxidized
Soya Oil and Tin Stabilizer as Mercaptide
or Carboxylate 196
9.11.2 Lead Present in Stabilizer 197
9.11.3 Phosphates 197
9.11.4 Aluminum 198
9.11.5 Barium and Cadmium 198
9.11.6 Calcium 198
9.12 Quality Control 198
References 199
10 Future Trends 203
10.1 In Plastics Packaging 204
10.2 In Medicine 204