Plastics Additives: An A-Z reference PDF
Preview Plastics Additives: An A-Z reference
Plastics Additives POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES Series editors Dr Derek Brewis Professor David Briggs lnst. of Surface Science & Technology Siacon Consultants Ltd Loughborough University of 21 Wood Farm Road Technology Malvern Wells Loughborough, Leicestershire Worcestershire LEl13TU WR144PL Advisory board Professor A. Bantjes Dr Chi-Ming Chan University of Twente Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical Technology The Hong Kong University of Science Department of Macromolecular and Technology Chemistry and Materials Science Room 4558, Academic Building PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede Clear Water Bay, Kowloon The Netherlands Hong Kong Dr John R. Ebdon Professor Robert G. Gilbert The Polymer Centre School of Chemistry School of Physics and Chemistry University of Sydney Lancaster University New South Wales 2006 Lancaster LA1 4YA Australia UK Dr John F. Rabolt Professor Richard Pethrick Materials Science Program Department of Pure and Applied University of Delaware Chemistry Spencer Laboratory #201 Strathclyde University Newark, Delaware 19716 Thomas Graham Building USA 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK JOIN US ON THE INTERNET VIA WWW, GOPHER, FTP OR EMAIL: WWW: http://www.thomson.com GOPHER: gopher.thomson.com As ervice of IQ)P® FTP: ftp.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] Plastics Additives An A-Z reference Edited by Geoffrey Pritchard Consultant Worcester UK and Emeritus Professor of Polymer Science Kingston University Surrey UK la III SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, BV First edition 1998 © 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1998 Typeset in 10/12 pt Palatino by Academic & Technical, Bristol ISBN 978-94-010-6477-4 ISBN 978-94-011-5862-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in acccordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. § Printed on permanent acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 and ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1984 (Permanence of Paper). Contents The items without reference numbers are not entries. They are cross-referenced to relevant entries. List of contributors xiii Preface xix Introduction Additives are essential 3 Quick reference guide 11 Practical methods of mixing additives with polymers 16 Analytical methods for additives in plastics 26 Biodegradation of plastics: monitoring what happens 32 Alphabetical section Acid scavengers for polyolefins 43 Acrylic processing aids - see Processing aids for vinyl foam Algicides - see Biocides and Biocides: some kinetic aspects Alumina trihydrate - see Flame retardants: inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems and Smoke suppressants and Flame retardancy: the approaches available Aluminium flakes - see Conducting fillers for plastics Amphiphiles - see Surfactants Analysis of additives - see Analytical methods for additives in plastics, in Introductory section Anti-blocking of polymer films 49 Antifouling agents - see Biocides Antimicrobial agents - see Biocides and Biocides: some kinetic aspects Antimony trioxide - see Flame retardants: inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems and Flame retardancy: the approaches available vi Contents Antioxidants: an overview 55 Antioxidants: hindered phenols 73 Antioxidants: their analysis in plastics 80 Antioxidants for poly(ethylene terephthalate) 95 Antistatic agents 108 Aramid fibres - see Reinforcing fibres Asbestos - see Reinforcing fibres Azo compounds - see Dyes for the mass coloration of plastics and Pigments for plastics Azobisisobutyronitrile - see Blowing agents Bacteriocides - see Biocides and Biocides: some kinetic aspects Biocides 115 Biocides: some kinetic aspects 121 Biodegradation monitoring - see Biodegradation of plastics: monitoring what happens, in Introductory section Biodegradation promoters for plastics 135 Blowing agents 142 Borates - see Flame retardants: borates and Flame retardancy: the approaches available Boron compounds - see Flame retardants: borates and Flame retardancy: the approaches available Calcium carbonate 148 Carbon black 153 Carbon fibres - see Reinforcing fibres Cellulose - see Flame retardants: intumescent systems Charring additives - see Flame retardancy: the approaches available and Flame retardants: intumescent systems and Flame retardants: iron compounds, their effect on fire and smoke in halogenated polymers and Flame retardants: poly(vinyl alcohol) and silicon compounds and Flame retardants: tin compounds Chlorofluorocarbons - see Blowing agents Compatibilizers - see Surfactants: applications in plastics and Compatibilizers for recycled polyethylene Compatibilizers for recycled polyethylene 162 Conducting fillers for plastics: (1) Flakes and fibres 170 Conducting fillers for plastics: (2) Conducting polymer additives 180 Core-shell modifiers - see Impact modifiers: 0) Mechanisms and applications in thermoplastics and Impact modifiers: (2) Modifiers for engineering thermoplastics Coupling agents 189 Curing agents 197 Diluents and viscosity modifiers for epoxy resins 211 Dispersing agents - see Surface treatments for particulate fillers in plastics Contents vii Dyes for the mass coloration of plastics 217 EMI shielding additives - see Conducting fillers for plastics (1) and (2) and Antistatic agents Ester lubricants - see Lubricating systems for rigid PVC Extenders - see Diluents and viscosity modifiers for epoxy resins Fibres: the effect of short glass fibres on the mechanical properties of thermoplastics 226 Fillers 241 Fillers: their effect on the failure modes of plastics 252 Flame retardancy: the approaches available 260 Flame retardants: borates 268 Flame retardants: halogen-free systems (including phosphorus additives) 277 Flame retardants: inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems 287 Flame retardants: intumescent systems 297 Flame retardants: iron compounds, their effect on fire and smoke in halogenated polymers 307 Flame retardants: poly(vinyl alcohol) and silicon compounds 315 Flame retardants: synergisms involving halogens 327 Flame retardants: tin compounds 339 Fluorescent pigments - see Pigments for plastics Foam control agents - see Surfactants: applications in plastics Fungicides - see Biocides and Biocides: some kinetic aspects Glass fibres - see Reinforcing fibres and Fibres: the effects of short glass fibres on the mechanical properties of thermoplastics Glass beads - see Fillers Glass spheres - see Hollow microspheres HALS - see Hindered amine light stabilizers: introduction and Hindered amine light stabilizers: recent developments Heat stabilizers - see Surfactants: applications in plastics Hindered amine light stabilizers: introduction 353 Hindered amine light stabilizers: recent developments 360 Hollow microspheres 372 Hydrocarbon waxes - see Release agents and Lubricating systems for rigid PVC Hydrofluorocarbons - see Blowing agents Hydrochlorofluorocarbons - see Blowing agents Hydrotalcites - see Acid scavengers for polyolefins Impact modifiers: (1) Mechanisms and applications in thermoplastics 375 Impact modifiers: (2) Modifiers for engineering thermoplastics 386 Impact modifiers: (3) Their incorporation in epoxy resins 398 Impact modifiers: (4) Organic toughening agents for epoxy resins 406 viii Contents Impact modifiers: (5) Modifiers for unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins 416 Intumescent additives - see Flame retardants: intumescent systems and Flame retardancy: the approaches available and Flame retardants: halogen-free systems (including phosphorus additives) Iron compounds - see Flame retardants: iron compounds, their effect on fire and smoke in halogenated polymers and Flame retardancy: the approaches available Kaolin - see Fillers Lactates - see Acid scavengers for polyolefins Light and UV stabilization of polymers 427 Liquid rubber toughening agents - see Impact modifiers Low profile additives in thermoset composites 442 Lubricants - see Release agents and Surfactants: applications in plastics and Lubricating systems for rigid PVC Lubricating systems for rigid PVC 450 Magnesium hydroxide - see Flame retardants: inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems and Fillers Maleic anhydride - see Fibres: the effects of short glass fibres on the mechanical properties of thermoplastics and Coupling agents Melamine - see Flame retardants: halogen-free systems Metal deactivators - see Antioxidants: an overview and Antioxidants for poly(ethylene terephthalate) Metal flakes and fibres - see Conducting fillers for plastics: (1) Flakes and fibres and Reinforcing fibres and Fillers Metallic soaps - see Lubricating systems for rigid PVC Mica 459 Miscibility - see Polymer additives: the miscibility of blends Mixing - see Practical methods of mixing additives with polymers, in Introductory section Molybdenum trioxide - see Flame retardants: inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems and Smoke suppressants and Flame retardancy: the approaches available Nickel fibres - see Conducting fillers for plastics (1) Nucleating agents for thermoplastics 464 Optical brighteners 472 Organometallic esters - see Diluents and viscosity modifiers for epoxy resins Organophosphates - see Nucleating agents for thermoplastics Paper for resin bonded paper laminates 474 Pearlescent pigments - see Pigments for plastics Phenol compounds - see Antioxidants: hindered phenols and Light and UV stabilization of polymers Phosphates - see Surface treatments for particulate fillers in plastics Phosphite esters - see Antioxidants: an overview and Recycled plastics: additives and their effects on properties Phosphorus compounds for flame retardancy - see Flame retardants: halogen-free systems and Flame retardancy: the approaches available Photochromic compounds - see Dyes for the mass coloration of plastic Photostabilizers - see Light and UV stabilization of polymers Phthalate esters - see Plasticizers Phthalocyanines - see Light and UV stabilization of polymers and Pigments for plastics Pigments for plastics 485 Piperidine compounds - see Light and UV stabilization of polymers Plasticizers 499 Plasticizers: health aspects 505 Polyacrylates - see Impact modifiers: (1) Mechanisms and applications in thermoplastics Polyester and polyamide fibres - see Reinforcing fibres Polyetherimides - see Impact modifiers: (4) Organic toughening agents for epoxy resins Polyethersulfones - see Impact modifiers: (4) Organic toughening agents for epoxy resins Polyethylene fibres - see Reinforcing fibres Polymer additives - the miscibility of blends 513 Polypropylene fibres - see Reinforcing fibres Polysiloxanes - see Impact modifiers: 0) Mechanisms and applications in thermoplastics Poly(vinyl alcohol) - see Release agents and Flame retardants: poly(vinyl alcohol) and silicon compounds Precipitating elastomers - see Impact modifiers: (4) Organic toughening agents for epoxy resins Processing aids: fluoropolymers to improve the conversion of polyolefins 519 Processing aids for vinyl foam 526 Quartz - see Fillers Reactive diluents - see Diluents and viscosity modifiers for epoxy resins Recycled plastics: additives and their effect on properties 535 Reinforcing fibres 544 Release agents 559 Rice husk ash 561 x Contents Rubber additives - see Impact modifiers: (1) Mechanisms and applications in thermoplastics and Surface-modified rubber particles for polyurethanes Scorch inhibitors for flexible polyurethanes 567 Separation of additives - see Analytical methods for additives in plastics, in Introductory section Shrinkage control agents - see Low profile additives in thermoset composites Silanes - see Surface treatments for particulate fillers in plastics and Coupling agents Silica - see Fillers Silicon compounds, silicates - see Fillers and Flame retardants: poly(vinyl alcohol) and silicon compounds and Coupling agents Smoke suppressants 576 Stabilizers - see Hindered amine light stabilizers: introduction and Hindered amine light stabilizers: recent developments and Antioxidants: an overview and Light and UV stabilization of polymers Stainless steel fibres - see Conducting fillers for plastics Stannates - see Flame retardants: tin compounds and Flame retardancy: the approaches available and Flame retardants: inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems Starch - see Biodegradation promoters for plastics Stearates - see Acid scavengers for polyolefins and Release agents and Lubricating systems for rigid PVC Surface-modified rubber particles for polyurethanes 584 Surface treatments for particulate fillers in plastics 590 Surfactants: applications in plastics 604 Surfactants: the principles 613 Talc - see Fillers Thermoplastics toughening modifiers - see Impact modifiers: (3) Their incorporation in epoxy resins Thickening agents for sheet moulding compounds - see Low profile additives in thermoset composites Thixotropic agents - see Fillers Thioesters - see Antioxidants for poly(ethylene terephthalate) Tin oxide - see Flame retardants: inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems and Flame retardants: tin compounds Titanates - see Surface treatments for particulate fillers in plastics Titanium dioxide - see Pigments for plastics and Fillers Toughening agents - see Impact modifiers Trimellitate esters - see Plasticizers Ultraviolet light stabilizers - see Light and UV stabilization of polymers
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