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Plasticity and Regeneration of the Nervous System PDF

361 Pages·1991·12.417 MB·English
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PLASTICITY AND REGENERATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Editorial Board: NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute ABEL LAJTHA. N.S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 289 NUTRITIONAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF FOOD PROCESSING Edited by Mendel Friedman Volume 290 THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE CF (CYSTIC FIBROSIS) GENE: Recent Progress and New Research Strategies Edited by Lap-Chee Tsui. Giovanni Romeo, Rainer Greger, and Sergio Gorini Volume 291 FUEL HOMEOSTASIS AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Edited by Mladen Vranic, Suad Efendic, and Charles H. Hollenberg Volume 292 MECHANISMS OF LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION AND IMMUNE REGULATION III: Developmental Biology of Lymphocytes Edited by Sudhir Gupta, William E. Paul, Max D. Cooper, and Ellen V. Rothenberg Volume 293 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF INSULIN AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS Edited by Mohan K. Raizada and Derek LeRoith Volume 294 KYNURENINE AND SEROTONIN PATHWAYS: Progress in Tryptophan Research Edited by Robert Schwarcz, Simon N. Young, and Raymond R. Brown Volume 295 THE BASAL FOREBRAIN: Anatomy to Function Edited by T. Celeste Napier, Peter W. Kalivas, and Israel Hanin Volume 296 PLASTICITY AND REGENERATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Edited by Paola S. Timiras, Alain Privat, Ezio Giacobini, Jean Lauder, and Antonia Vernadakis Volume 297 NEW ASPECTS OF HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES Edited by W. H. Hort and P. J. Schollmeyer A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume im mediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. PLASTICITY AND REGENERATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Edtted hy Paola S. Timiras University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California Alain Privat Unite 336 INSERM Universite de Montpellier II Montpellier, France E2:io Gi acobini Southern Illinois University Springfield, Illinois lean Lauder University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina and Antonia Vernadakis University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Denver, Colorado PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloglng-In-Publlcatlon Data Institute of Developmental Neuroscience & Aging. Conference (3rd 1990 Turin. I,aly) Plasticity and regeneration of the nervous system I edited by Paola S. Timiras ... ret al. I. p. cm. -- (Advances in experimental nedicine and biology; v. 296) "Third Conference of the Institute of Developmental Neuroscience and Aging ... held April 5-7. 1990. ,n Torino. Italy"--T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Nervous system--Regeneration--Congresses. 2. Nervous system- -Growth--Congresses. 3. Neuroplasticity--Congresses. I. Tim,ras. Paola S. II. Title. III. Serles. [DNLM, 1. Aging--physiology--congresses. 2. Nerve Regeneration -physiology--congresses. 3. Neuronal Plasticity--physiology- -congresses. 4. Nervous System--growth & development--congresses. Wi AD559 v. 296 I WL 102 156p 19901 OP363.5.155 1990 599' .0 188--dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 91-24014 CIP Proceedings of the Third Conference of the Institute of Developmental Neuroscience and Aging: Plasticity and Regeneration of the Nervous System, held April 5-7, 1990, in Torino, Italy ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-8049-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-8047-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8047-4 © 1991 Plenum Press, New York Softeover reprint of the hardcover I 5t edition 1991 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 100\3 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher GUIDO FILOGAMO A graduate (M.D., 1940) from the Medical School of the University of Torino (Italy), Professor Guido Filogamo spent almost his entire academic career (except for two years at the University of Sassari, Italy) at the University of Torino. In 1964, he was appointed Director of the newly-cre ated Institute of H1stology and Embryology of the University of Torino and in 1966, first, Director of the Institute of' Anatomy and, then, Chairman of the Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology. For his many contribu tions to the medical curriculum, his inspired teaching of medical and postdoctoral students and his valuable scientific achievements, he was elected in 1985, President of the Medical School Faculty, a position he still currently holds. He is a member of numerous Italian and internation al scientific societies and academies and a recipient of several medals, honors and awards. Interested at the beginning of his career in the histophysiology of the connective tissue (to which he contributed some valuable data), he soon moved to the study of the nervous system, an already classic area of competence of the Anatomy Institute at Torino. His first observations dealt with the symmetry and development of the avian brain utilizing his tochemical neurotransmitter markers. These studies on development led him to further research of neuromuscular ontogenesis and regeneration, devel opment of iris muscles and myocardial Purkinje cells. He was among the first investigators to apply the cholinesterase method to study the devel opment of neuromuscular junction and plaques and to formulate the hypothe sis of an early function of cholinesterase in the nervous system. His more recent and current research of the intestinal intramural neural plexuses has demonstrated that cholinergic and adrenergic activities, morphologic changes and developmental events are associated with (and influenced by) a number of physiological and pathological conditions. Professor Filogamo was an enthusiastic and effective member of the Institute of Developmental Neuroscience and Aging since its beginning. For his pioneering contributions to the field of neuro-embryology and his in troduction of the concept of plasticity, it seemed fit to hold the Third Conference of the Society on "Plasticity and Regeneration of the Nervous System" in Torino and to dedicate its works to Professor Guido Filogamo. v PREFACE One of the most impressive advances in the field of neuroscience over the last decade has been the accumulation of data on plasticity and regeneration in the nervous system of mammals. The book represents the contribution of a qroup of neuroscientists to this rapidly expanding field, through a Conference organized by the Institute of Developmental Neuroscience and Aging (IDNA). The meeting was held in Torino, Italy during April 1990 in honor of a great pioneer in the field of Neuroembryology, Professor Guido Filogamo. His introduction of the concept of neuroplasticity has had a significant impact on the study of neurobiology. This volume is divided into six sections, each focusing on one of the subject areas covered during the meeting Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Central and Peripheral Nervous System Development; Hormones,· Growth Factors, Heurotransmi tters, Xenobiotics and Development; In Vivo and in Vitro models of Development; Development and Regulation of Glia; Regeneration; and Aging. Development is extensively covered in four out of six sections of this book. Indeed, in many ways, the problem of remodeling and plasticity in the mature nervous system are analogous to those seen in the development of the nervous system circuitry during ontogeny. Basic questions such as the determination of cell differentiation and migration in the peripheral nervous system, the regulation of axonal calibre, variabili ty of DNA content in developing and reactive neurons are all meaningful in the scope of neuronal reactivity. The roles of glia in development and reactivity of the nervous system appear increasingly diversified cell proliferation, synthesis of trophic and inhibitory substances, uptake and release of neurotransmitters are only some of them. The influence of endogenous substances (hormones, growth factors), neurotransmitters (biogenic amines, GABA and others), and exogenous substances (xenobiotics) on neuronal and glial development, though known for a long time, is now gaining full recognition, and this topic is of major importance in our understanding of neuronal homeostasis. Regeneration of the nervous system is under the influence of mul t.iple factors trophic substances such as NGF, and FGF, matrix components and specific glycoproteins such as gangliosides. Glial cells, either central or peripheral, may be permissive or obstructive to regeneration. The possible use or disuse of these vii factors in neurodegenerative diseases is a point of great interest. Brain aging has been studied along two lines "normal aging", considered as a physiological process, with its molecular and cellular characteristics, and "pathological aging", represented by Alzheimer disease. Though they may differ in several respects, these two lines converge to a common end cell death, the mechanisms of which are crucial to the issue of regeneration of the nervous system. Through the di versi ty of the contributions to this volume, it is clear that there is not, at least to date, a common thread which would logically connect all the issues of plasticity and regeneration in the nervous tissue. There is rather a multiplicity of factors, which reflect the complexity of the nervous system. The goal of the Contributors and Editors of the volume is to provide a composite image of this rapidly advancing field. The Editors viii CONTENTS MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ASPECTS OF CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT New Molecular Insights on the Development of the Peripheral Nervous System ... 1 C. Dulac, P. Cameron-Curry, O. Pourquie, and N.M. Le Douarin DNA Content Revealed by Cytophotometry in Neurons: Variability Related to Neuroplasticity. 13 S. Geuna, A. Poncino, and M.G. Giacobini Robecchi Prenatal Development of the Rat Amygdaloid Complex: An Electron Microscopic Study 21 A. Manolova and S. Manolov Recent Findings on the Regulation of Axonal Calibre . 29 E. Pannese HORMONES, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, XENOBIOTICS, AND DEVELOPMENT The Biogenic Monoamines as Regulators of Early (Pre-Nervous) Embryogenesis: New Data. 33 G.A. Buznikov Hormone-Dependent Plasticity of the Motoneurons of the Ischiocavernosus Muscle: An Ultrastructural Study. 49 C. Cracco and A. Vercelli Reactive Sprouting (Pruning Effect) Is Altered in • the Brain of Rats Perinatally Exposed to Morphine . 61 A. Gorio, B. Tenconi, N. Zonta, P. Mantegazza, and A.M. Di Giulio Effects of Serotonin on Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Tau Protein in a Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line. 69 N.J. John, G.M. Lew, L. Goya, and P.S. Timiras Critical Periods of Neuroendocrine Development: Effects of Prenatal Xenobiotics . 81 S.J. Yaffe and L.D. Dorn IX IN VIVO AND IN VITRO MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT Cell Plasticity During In Vitro Differentiation of a Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line. 91 F. Clementi, C. Gotti, E. Sher, and A. Zanini LN-IO, A Brain Derived cDNA Clone: Studies Related to CNS Development. 103 E.D. Kouvelas, I. Zarkadis, A. Athanasiadou, D. Thanos, and I. Papamatheakis Spinal Cord Slices with Attached Dorsal Root Ganglia: A Culture Model for the Study of Pathogenicity of Encephalitic Viruses . III A. Shahar, S. Lustig, Y. Akov, Y. David, P. Schneider, and R. Levin Human Fetal Brain Cultures: A Model to Study Neural Proliferation, Differentiation, and Immunocompetence. 121 S. Torelli, V. Sogos, M.G. Ennas, C. Marcello, D. Cocchia, and F. Gremo DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION OF GLIA Origin of Microglia and Their Regulation by Astroglia 135 S. Fedoroff and C. Hao Neuronal-Astrocytic Interactions in Brain Development, Brain Function, and Brain Disease . 143 L. Hertz Structure and Function of Glia Maturation Factor Beta. 161 R. Lim and A. Zaheer Neuromodulatory Actions of Glutamate, GAB A and Taurine: Regulatory Role of Astrocytes. 165 A. Schousboe, O.M. Larsson, A. Frandsen, B. Belhage, H. Pasantes-Morales, and P. Krogsgaard-Larsen C-6 Glioma Cells of Early Passage Have Progenitor Properties in Culture . 181 A. Vernadakis, S. Kentroti, C. Brodie, D. Mangoura, and N. Sakellaridis REGENERATION Brain Extracellular Matrix and Nerve Regeneration • 197 A. Bignami, R. Asher, and G. Perides Human Nerve Growth Factor: Biological and Immunological Activities, and Clinical Possibilities in Neurodegenerative Disease. 207 T. Ebendal, S. Soderstrom, F. Hallbook, P. Ernfors, C.F. Ibanez, H. Persson, C. Wetmore, I. Stromberg, and L. Olson x Schwann Cell Proliferation During Postnatal Development, Wallerian Degeneration and Axon Regeneration in Trembler Dysmyelinating Mutants • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 227 H. Koenig, A. Do Thi, B. Ferzaz, and A. Ressouches Basic FGF and its Actions on Neurons: A Group Account with Special Emphasis on the Parkinsonian Brain. . • • . 239 D. Otto, C. Grothe, R. Westermann, and K. Unsicker Molecular and Morphological Correlates Following Neuronal Deafferentiation~ A Cortico-Striatal Model ••••••. 249 G.M. Pasinetti, H.W. Cheng, J.F. Reinhard, C.E. Finch, and T.H. McNeill Monosialoganglioside GMI and Modulation of Neuronal Plasticity in CNS Repair Processes . 257 S.D. Skaper, S. Mazzari, G. Vantini, L. Facci, G. Toffano, and A. Leon Nerve Growth Factor in CNS Repair and Regeneration. 267 S. Varon, T. Hagg, and M. Manthorpe AGING Ordered Disorder in the Aged Brain. • • • • • 277 L. Angelucci, S. Alema, L. Ferraris, O. Ghirardi, A. Imperato, M.T. Ramacci, M.G. Scrocco, and M. Vertechy Plasticity in Expression of Co-Transmitters and Autonomic Nerves in Aging and Disease 291 G. Burnstock Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors in Human Brain: Effects of Aging and Alzheimer •.••• 303 E.Giacobini Macromolecular Changes in the Aging Brain 317 A.M. Giuffrida Stella ADP-Ribosylation: Approach to Molecular Basis of Aging. . . . . 329 P. Mandel Mechanisms of Cell Death. • • • • . . 345 R. Perez-Polo INDEX • . • . • . . 353 xi

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