Plastic Optical Fiber Sensors: Science, Technology and Applications PDF
Preview Plastic Optical Fiber Sensors: Science, Technology and Applications
Plastic Optical Fiber Sensors Series in Fiber Optic Sensors Series Editor: Dr Alexis Méndez, MCH Engineering, LLC This series of practical, concise, and modern guidebooks encompasses all types of fiber optic sensors, including fiber Bragg grating sensors, Fabry–Perot sensors, interferometric sensors, distributed sensors, and biomedical sensors. The aim of the series is to give a broadly approachable, essential overview of the fundamental science, core technologies, design principles, and key implementation challenges in applications, such as oil, gas, and mining; renewable energy; defense/security; biomedical sciences; civil and structural engineering; and industrial process monitoring. Scientists, engineers, technicians, and students in any relevant field of practice or research will benefit from these unique titles. Titles in the series Fiber-Optic Fabry-Perot Sensors An Introduction Yun-Jiang Rao, Zeng-Ling Ran, Yuan Gong An Introduction to Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors Arthur H. Hartog Plastic Optical Fiber Sensors Science, Technology and Applications Edited by Marcelo Martins Werneck, Regina Célia da Silva Barros Allil For more information about this series, please visit https://www.crcpress.com/Series-in-Fiber-Optic-Sensors/book-series/CRCSERINFIB Plastic Optical Fiber Sensors Science, Technology and Applications Edited by Marcelo Martins Werneck Regina Célia da Silva Barros Allil CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-29853-8 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Werneck, Marcelo Martins, 1949- editor. | Allil, Regina Célia da Silva Barros, editor. Title: Plastic optical fiber sensors : science, technology and applications / edited by Marcelo M. Werneck and Regina Celia S. B. Allil. Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020. | Series: Series in fiber optic sensors | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019030930 | ISBN 9781138298538 (hardback : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9781315098593 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Optical fiber detectors. | Plastic optical fibers. Classification: LCC TA1815 .P53 2020 | DDC 681/.25--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019030930 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................vii Series Foreword ..................................................................................................ix Preface ...............................................................................................................xi Editors ...............................................................................................................xix Contributors .......................................................................................................xxi ChaPtEr 1 Introduction: Why Plastic Optical Fibers? ........................................1 Hui Pan ChaPtEr 2 Principles of Polymer Optical Fibers ...............................................21 Ricardo Oliveira, Lúcia Bilro, and Rogério N. Nogueira ChaPtEr 3 Optical Fiber Sensing Principles .....................................................67 Daniel André Pires Duarte, Rogério N. Nogueira, and Lúcia Bilro ChaPtEr 4 LED-POF-Photodiode as Sensing Elements in high Voltage Environment .................................................................................93 Marcelo Martins Werneck ChaPtEr 5 Current and Voltage Sensing ........................................................107 Marcelo Martins Werneck ChaPtEr 6 POF Bragg Gratings ......................................................................131 David Webb ChaPtEr 7 temperature Sensing by rubi Fluorescence ..................................153 Marcelo Martins Werneck ChaPtEr 8 Gas Sensing ................................................................................171 Meysam M. Keley v Contents ChaPtEr 9 Biological Sensing .......................................................................189 Regina Célia da Silva Barros Allil ChaPtEr 10 POF Displacement Sensors ...........................................................221 Joseba Zubia ChaPtEr 11 Chemical Sensing with POF ..........................................................251 Filipa Sequeira, Rogério N. Nogueira, and Lúcia Bilro ChaPtEr 12 POF Sensors for Structural health Monitoring ...............................267 Aleksander Wosniok ChaPtEr 13 POF and radiation Sensing .........................................................285 Pavol Stajanca ChaPtEr 14 Microstructured POFs ..................................................................313 Maryanne Large and Marcelo Martins Werneck ChaPtEr 15 POF applications ........................................................................353 Marcelo Martins Werneck Index...............................................................................................................389 vi Foreword Congratulations on the publication of Plastic Optical Fiber Sensors. The field of sensors has been increasingly important as the sensor technologies have become tremendously useful not only for disaster countermeasures and sensing of constructions, but also for AI and IoT. Needless to say, Professor Marcelo Martins Werneck is the leading expert worldwide in POF sensors. I am lucky to have known him through annually held POF conferences (officially, International Conference on Plastic Optical Fibers) since 1992. POF conferences are organized by the International Cooperative of Plastic Optical Fiber (ICPOF), and Marcelo has been the committee member as the delegate of Brazil. He organized the 22nd POF Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2013, which was a great success. The first plastic optical fiber (POF) was reported from Du Pont in the United States in 1960s. The main purpose of the POF at that time was for illumination of light, because the light injected into the core region of POF can transmit through the POF and illuminate from the end of the POF. However, the attenuation (transmission loss) was as large as 1,000 dB/km, and the length of POF was quite limited to a few meters. The main application was only decoration or toys. The attenuation of POF is caused by the scattering loss and the absorption loss. In 1970s, rigor- ous purification of contaminants in POF material was developed by several institutes, mainly in Japan, and the scattering loss was remarkably improved. On the other hand, the absorption loss attributes to the molecular structure of polymer, and is an intrinsic characteristic of poly- mer itself. The main reason for the absorption loss was the absorption of light by the carbon- hydrogen stretching vibration in polymer structure. Therefore, the dominant idea of eliminating the serious absorption loss was the substitution of hydrogen for a much heavier atom such as fluorine or chlorine. As a result, the absorption loss by the carbon-fluorine vibration shifted to a much longer wavelength, which improved the absorption loss at the wavelength of laser so as to be negligible. In the more than thirty years since then, low-loss POF made of perfluorinated polymer has been developed, and the total attenuation including both scattering and absorption losses achieved only 10 dB/km, which can transmit light up to 1 km. We learn from history that the innovation of technologies that dramatically changed the world is, in many cases, achieved by the innovation from the material side. For example, in the 1960s, the roll of vacuum tube was ended by the invention of semi-conductor material (transis- tor) that opened the door to real electronics society. In the 1990s, a CRT television was replaced by a liquid crystal display (LCD) by the invention of liquid crystal molecules. These are examples that “the material changed the system.” Now we have a variety of POFs with different materi- als (acrylate materials and fluorinated polymer, etc.) and different structures (step-index (SI) and graded-index (GI) POFs) based on their inherent characteristics. Such POFs are mainly used for various sensor applications and high-speed data transmission, utilizing the inherent characteristics of polymer, such as easy handling and flexibility. For example, compared to silica optical fiber, the thermal expansion and the isothermal compressibility of POFs are two orders of magnitude greater, which means that such a POF can become an excellent sensitive sensor to external information, such as temperature change or slight amount of stress. vii Foreword POFs have additional advantages of high strain limit, high durability, and negative thermo- optic coefficients. These unique properties of POFs have been utilized in various applications, such as chemical/biological and radiation sensing as well as those of strain, temperature, and displacement. For localized sensors that can be multiplexed, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) has been implemented in POFs. Moreover, microstructured POFs (mPOFs) allow for single mode opera- tion for a wide range of wavelengths, improving performances of POF sensors. By reading this book, readers will have an in-depth understanding of POF in sensors. I hope that this book opens up opportunity for many researchers, scientists, engineers, and students to formulate new ideas for POF sensors. Yasuhiro Koike Keio University Keio Photonics Research Institute International Cooperative of Plastic Optical Fiber (ICPOF) viii Series Foreword Optical fibers are considered among the top innovations of the twentieth century, and Sir Charles Kao, a visionary proponent who championed their use as a medium for communication, received the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics. Optical fiber communications have become an essen- tial backbone of today’s digital world and internet infrastructure, making it possible to trans- mit vast amounts of data over long distances with high integrity and low loss. In effect, most of the world’s data flows nowadays as light photons in a global mesh of optical fiber conduits. As the optical fiber industry turns fifty in 2016, the field might be middle aged, but many more advances and societal benefits are expected of it. What has made optical fibers and fiber-based telecommunications so effective and perva- sive in the modern world? Its intrinsic features and capabilities make it so versatile and very powerful as an enabling and transformative technology. Among their characteristics we have their electromagnetic (EM) immunity, intrinsic safety, small size and weight, capability to per- form multi-point and multi-parameter sensing remotely, and so on. Optical fiber sensors stem from these same characteristics. Initially, fiber sensors were lab curiosities and simple proof-of- concept demonstrations. Nowadays, however, optical fiber sensors are making an impact and serious commercial inroads in industrial sensing, biomedical applications, as well as in military and defense systems, and have spanned applications as diverse as oil well downhole pressure sensors to intra-aortic catheters. This transition has taken the better part of thirty years and has now reached the point where fiber sensor operation and instrumentation are well understood and developed, and a variety of diverse variety of commercial sensors and instruments are readily available. However, fiber sen- sor technology is not as widely known or deeply understood today as other more conventional sensors and sensing technologies such as electronic, piezoelectric, and MEMS devices. In part this is due to the broad set of different types of fiber sensors and techniques available. On the other hand, although there are several excellent textbooks reviewing optical fiber sensors, their coverage tends to be limited and does not provide sufficiently in-depth review of each sensor technology type. Our book series aims to remedy this by providing a collection of individual tomes, each focused exclusively on a specific type of optical fiber sensor. The goal of this series has been from the onset to develop a set of titles that feature an impor- tant type of sensor, offering up-to-date advances as well as practical and concise information. The series encompasses the most relevant and popular fiber sensor types in common use in the field, including fiber Bragg grating sensors, Fabry-Perot sensors, interferometric sensors, dis- tributed fiber sensors, polarimetric sensors, polymer fiber sensors, structural health monitoring (SHM) using fiber sensors, biomedical fiber sensors, and several others. This series is directed at a broad readership of scientists, engineers, technicians, and stu- dents involved in relevant areas of research and study of fiber sensors, specialty optical fibers, instrumentation, optics and photonics. Together, these titles will fill the need for concise, widely accessible introductory overviews of the core technologies, fundamental design principles, and challenges to implementation of optical fiber-based sensors and sensing techniques. ix
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