Piping Systems Manual

433 Pages·2010·9.48 MB·English

by  Brian Silowash

Piping Systems Manual
About the Author
Brian Silowash, PE, CEM, LEED AP, is president of
Innovative Design Engineering of America, LLC, a
Pittsburgh-based engineering consulting firm special-
izing in facilities engineering, energy management, in-
surance consulting, and building inspections. He has
worked as a maintenance foreman, a plant engineer,
and an engineering consultant. Mr. Silowash has ex-
tensive experience in design, construction, and com-
missioning.
Piping Systems Manual
Brian Silowash
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In memory of my parents, George and Juliana Silowash
“Deep waters cannot quench love, nor floods sweep it away.”
—Song of Songs 8:7
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Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Some Miscellaneous Thoughts on Piping . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 2 Terminology 3
Chapter 3 Reference Materials 15
Chapter 4 Piping Codes 17
ASME B31.1 Power Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
100.1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
100.1.3 Not in Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
102.3.2 Limits for Sustained and
Displacement Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
104.1 Pressure Design of Straight Pipe . . . . . . . 22
104.3 Branch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
104.3.3 Miters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
119 Expansion and Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
137 Pressure Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
137.4 Hydrostatic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
137.5 Pneumatic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
ASME B31.3 Process Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
300.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
300.2 Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
301 Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
301.3.2 Uninsulated Components . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
302 Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
302.2.4 Allowances for Pressure and
Temperature Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
304.1.1 Pressure Design of Straight Pipe . . . . . . 41
304.3 Branch Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
305.2 Specifi c Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
319.4 Flexibility Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
345 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
904 Pressure Design of Components . . . . . . . . . 53
Summary of Code Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Chapter 5 Specifi cations and Standards 55
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 6 Materials of Construction 83
Casting versus Forging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Cast Iron Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Manufacture of Cast Iron Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Ductile Iron Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Manufacture of DI Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Fabrication and Assembly of Ductile
Iron Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Applicable Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Manufacture of Carbon Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Wall Thicknesses of Carbon Steel Pipe . . . . . . . 101
Sizes of Carbon Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Fabrication and Assembly of Carbon Steel
Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Stainless Steel Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Manufacture of Stainless Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . 105
Fabrication and Assembly of Stainless
Steel Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Copper Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Manufacture of Copper Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Fabrication and Assembly of Copper Tubing . . 109
Brass Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Titanium Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Fabrication and Assembly of Titanium Pipe . . . 115
Aluminum Piping and Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Fabrication and Assembly of Aluminum Pipe . 116
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Fabrication and Assembly of PVC Pipe . . . . . . . 120
CPVC (Chlorinated PolyVinyl Chloride) Piping . . . 122
Contents ix
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Manufacture of CPVC Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Fabrication and Assembly of CPVC Pipe . . . . . 123
Polybutylene (PB) Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Polyethylene (PE) and High-Density Polyethylene
(HDPE) Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Manufacture of PE pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Fabrication and Assembly of PE Pipe . . . . . . . . 130
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Piping . . . . 132
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Fabrication and Assembly of ABS Pipe . . . . . . . 133
Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX) Piping . . . . . . . . . 133
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Manufacture of PEX Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Fabrication and Assembly of PEX Tubing . . . . . 135
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Piping . . . . . . . . 136
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Manufacture of FRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Fabrication and Assembly of FRP Pipe . . . . . . . 137
Concrete Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Applicable Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Manufacture of Concrete Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Fabrication and Assembly of Concrete Pipe . . . 139
Asbestos Cement Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Other Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Centrifugally Cast Glass-Fiber Reinforced, Polymer
Mortar Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Lined Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Elastomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Polytetrafl uoroethylene (PTFE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Nitrile Rubber, or Buna-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)
Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Polychloroprene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Fluoropolymer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or
Polyketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Insulating Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Fiberglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Calcium Silicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146