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PIPELINE SYSTEMS FLUID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Volume 7 Series Editor: R. MOREAU MADYLAM Ecole Nationale Superieure d' Hydraulique de Grenoble Boite Postale 95 38402 Saint Martin d' Heres Cedex, France Aims and Scope of the Series The purpose of this series is to focus on subjects in which fluid mechanics plays a fundamental role. As well as the more traditional applications of aeronautics, hydraulics, heat and mass transfer etc., books will be published dealing with topics which are currently in a state of rapid development, such as turbulence, suspensions and multiphase fluids, super and hypersonic. flows and numerical modelling techniques. It is a widely held view that it is the interdisciplinary subjects that will receive intense scientific attention, bringing them to the forefront of technological advance ment. Fluids have the ability to transport matter and its properties as well as transmit force, therefore fluid mechanics is a subject that is particulary open to cross fertilisation with other sciences and disciplines of engineering. The subject of fluid mechanics will be highly relevant in domains such as chemical, metallurgical, biological and ecological engineering. This series is particularly open to such new multidisciplinary domains. The median level of presentation is the first year graduate student. Some texts are monographs defining the current state of a field; others are accessible to final year undergraduates; but essentially the emphasis is on readability and clarity. For a list ofr elated meclwnics titles, see final pages. Pipeline Systems edited by B. Coulbeck & E.Evans SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. ISBN 978-90-481-4143-2 ISBN 978-94-017-2677-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-2677-1 All Rights Reserved © 1992 Springer Science+B usiness Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1992 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. This volume consists of papers presented at the International Conference on Pipeline Systems, 24-26 March 1992, Manchester, UK, organised by BHR Group Ltd. Technical Advisory Committee Mr E P Evans (Chairman) Sir William Halcrow & Partners Ltd Mr K Austin Amstral UK Ltd Mr I Bensted Thames Water Emeritus Prof B Coulbeck Leicester Polytechnic Mr D Crow Cranfield Institute of Technology Mr C P Fairhurst BP Engineering Dr R King BHR Group Ltd Mr D Miller BHR Group Ltd Dr D Muskett BP Chemicals Mr M Papworth SFK Technology Mr R Powell Brunei University Prof AlanE Vardy University of Dundee Overseas Corresponding Members Ms M H Alegre National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Portugal Mr F Klingebiel Amtech (Deutschland) GmbH, Germany Mr B Kusha Fluid Dynamic International, USA Prof C S Martin Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Dr Akihiko Udo Setsunan University Organised and sponsored by BHR Group Ltd Co-sponsored by the International Association for Hydraulic Research, The Pipeline Industries Guild, The Institute of Petroleum and The Institution of Chemical Engineers Contents Preface ix SESSION A: ECONOMIC DESIGN A review of pipe network optimization techniques 3 G A Walters, University of Exeter, UK A generalized reduced gradient approach to expansion of water distribution networks 15 G Yu, R S Powell, Brunei University, UK Optimal design of water distribution networks with multiple loadings 25 A Udo, Setsunan University, Japan Design management of pipeline systems 29 D S Miller, BHR Group Ltd, UK Economic pipe sizing-complex networks 37 B B Sharp, Burnell Research Laboratory, Australia Cost reduction in irrigation networks by an efficient use of pressure reducing valves 43 R Perez, F Martinez, A Vela, Politechnical University of Valencia, Spain Water supply systems optimization for developing countries 59 R G Cembrowicz, University of Karlsruhe, Germany Time-step control in TMA for steady flows in large pipelines 77 M Shimada, National Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Japan A system for the engineering design of transmission and distribution pipe networks 91 D G Papanikas, V Pantazis, P Papagiannidis, M Bitzas, A Protopsaltis, Alfapi SA, Greece SESSION B: SAFE DESIGN Measurements and computations of transients in pumped sewer plastic mains 117 T Larsen, University of Aalborg, Denmark; R Burrows, Liverpool University, UK Surge protection on the Trimpley supply to Birmingham 125 T J Kingham, J M Drake, Sir William Halcrow & Partners Ltd, UK Failure of a rural water system-a case study 141 A L Prasuhn, Lawrence Technological University; D Rollag, South Dakota State University, USA Fluid-structure interaction in non-rigid pipeline systems-large scale validation tests 151 A C H Kruisbrink, A G T J Heinsbroek, Delft Hydraulics, The Netherlands Analysis of penstock fracture by water hammer 165 Y Kono, Y Sugai, Tohoku Gakuin University; T Sugano, Tohoku University, Japan Experiences with surge protection devices 171 C S Martin, Georgia Institute of Technology; L Cobb, Christy Cobb Inc, USA Pipeline systems for liquid sulfur 179 R Szczepanek, R Pichler, I-L-F Consulting Engineers, Germany Characteristics of lignite ashes transport from steam power plants through pipelines 199 Z Vukelic, University of Zagreb, Yugoslavia SESSION C: OPERATION Network simplification by equivalent modelling for optimal operations 209 Y-C Chen, Thames Water Utilities Ltd; B Coulbeck, Leicester Polytechnic, UK Knowledge based systems in operational scheduling of water distribution networks 231 M Likeman, SFK Technology Ltd, UK Diagnosis of hydraulic performance of water supply systems 247 H Alegre, S T Coelho, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Portugal On-line control of a city water supply and distribution system 261 B Coulbeck, Leicester Polytechnic, UK; C H Orr, E 0 Tech Inc, USA SESSION D: MONITORING AND INSPECTION Leak detection through hydraulic transient analysis 273 L Jonsson, M Larson, University of Lund, Sweden State-of-the-art pipeline leak detection 287 P Black, Scientific Software Intercomp, UK Flow measurement in large complex ductwork 299 A E Vardy, University of Dundee/Mott MacDonald, UK Structural condition assessment of water trunk mains 311 R Oliphant, WRc pic, UK Methods to determine parameters characterizing technical state of pipelines with pronounced 323 deposition P V Davlianidze, L A Alekhin, T Tsamalashvili, I Zeikidze, Pilot Production "SPETSTRUBTRANS", Republic of Georgia Preface This conference provides a forum for exchange of technical and operational information across a wide range of pipeline activities. Various supply and distribution industries, and their service organisations, have traditionally approached pipeline systems from many different perspec tives. The organisers believe that significant benefits can be gained by enabling representatives from the oil, gas, water, chemical, power and related industries to present their latest ideas and methods. An awareness of these alternative methodologies and technologies should result in a more unified and coherent approach to each individual type of pipeline system. The overall theme of the conference is the optimisation of pipeline systems, through design analysis, component specification, operational strategies and performance evaluation, in order to minimise both risk and the lifetime cost of ownership. Wherever possible emphasis is given to important developing technologies with special consideration to use of computational equipment and methods. SYSTEMS APPROACH For the major activities of design, operation and performance; pipeline systems can be conveniently classified in terms of the systetV: components, constraints and objectives. These are described using fluid terminology, to suit' the majority of conference participants, as given below: Components consist of pumps and valves (controls), pipe networks (transmission and distribu tion), reservoirs (storage) and consumer demands (disturbances). The arrangement of these components, to form the system, must take into account the conflicting requirements of structural, hydraulic, and cost, performance. Constraints include the restrictions imposed, because of the physical construction of the components, and because of operational necessities. For the present purpose the hydraulic constraints, applying to pressures, flows, velocities and levels, are the most important. Both steady-state and transient hydraulic performance must be considered to ensure adequate safety margins. Objectives encompass the distribution of source supplies to consumers as safely, securely and as economically as possible. This implies optimisation, to ensure the best compromise between these conflicting objectives, and also to achieve the best value of each objective criterion. The above classification allows a systems-oriented approach, in general, and provides a sound basis for optimisation considerations, in particular. CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS The overall aims of the conference will be achieved by presentation of papers in the major categories of system: economic design, safe design, operation and performance. In each case the coverage will include aspects of safety, security and economy with a mix of analytical techniques, computer implementations and practical validation of results, as outlined below: Economic design covers methods and procedures to deduce the best configuration and layout of pipe networks and components, for new systems, and also to cater for optimal expansion, of existing systems. In each case the specified performance should be obtained for a minimum investment cost whilst allowing for efficient operation over the expected range of operating conditions. With a selection of papers covering: engineering design and management of pipe networks, traditional and alternative steady-state analyses of pipe networks, review of some pipe network optimisation techniques, and design and evaluation of optimal network configurations. Safe design looks at some of the factors which must be taken into account to result in systems which are intrinsically safe to operate. Consideration is largely restricted to the effects of fluid transients. Uncontrolled pressure and flow surges can easily exceed the specified safety limits of the network components. Such transient effects are important since they can be inadvertently initiated by operator actions, or component failures, and can cause potentially hazardous situations. With a selection of papers covering: engineering and structural design activities, analyses of network and component transients, effects of fluid transients on components and structures, and systems failure modes and protective activities. Operation concentrates upon recent developments for cost effective (optimal) control of some specific water systems, but also introduces some of the related techniques used in other industries. In essence these optimal control methods can be used to determine the best operating strategy to satisfy the current operating requirements. In so doing they will take account of, and make the most effective use of, the existing system design. However, practical applications of such methods depend upon derivation of sufficiently simplified models and an adequate knowledge of hydraulic performance and operating costs. Typically the supplies, consumptions, and operating costs are time-varying and optimality will require time-varying control actions. With a selection of papers covering: demand forecasting and prediction of consumption patterns, evaluation of system performance using extended time simulations and performance indicators, and evaluation and implementation of optimal control models and strategies. Performance looks at methods for monitoring and inspection throughout the lifetime of some common, and less common, types of pipeline systems. A knowledge of the degradation of the system, particularly on account of changes in consumption patterns, component parameters, and distribution losses, allows for corrective refurbishment and compensatory adjustment of operating strategies. With a selection of papers covering: inspection of pipes and other components, instrumentation and measurement of systems data, and monitoring and detection of leaks and other abnormal operating conditions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The conference has been organised to suit a wide range of specialist staff including manage ment, computing, research, engineering and operations. While the conference will have special appeal to delegates involved in fluid systems it will be of significant interest to all persons seeking a systems-oriented approach to pipeline projects. In this respect the conference organisers are pleased to acknowledge the response and active support of the many international experts in the field, Finally the organisers wish to thank all the individual authors for their important contributions. Their presentations will help the participating delegates to focus on the key aspects of design, operation and performance of pipeline systems Bryan Coulbeck and Edward Evans, January 1992. SESSION A: ECONOMIC DESIGN
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