Pipeline rules of thumb handbook: quick and accurate solutions to your everyday pipeline problems

632 Pages·2002·31.46 MB·English

by  E.W. McAllister

P I P E L I N E
RULES THUMB
OF
H A N D B O O K

F I F T H E D I T I O N
P I P E L I N E
RULES THUMB
OF
H A N D B O O K
Quick and accurate solutions to your
everyday pipeline problems
E.W. McAllister, Editor
Boston · Oxford · Johannesburg · Melbourne · New Delhi · Singapore
Gulf Professional Publishing is an imprint of Butterworth–Heinemann.
Copyright © 2002 by Butterworth–Heinemann
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pipeline rules of thumb handbook: quick and accurate solutions to your everyday
pipeline problems / W.E. McAllister, editor—5thed,
p.cm.
Rev. ed. of: Pipe line rules of thumb handbook. 4thed. 1998.
ISBN 0-7506-7471-7
1. Pipelines—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. McAllister, E. W. II. Title: Pipe line
rules of thumb handbook.
TJ930.P535 2001
665.5¢44—dc21 2001040785
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
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Contents
1: General Information, 1 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
How to estimate length of material contained in
Basic formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
roll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Mathematics—areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Convenient anti-freeze chart for winterizing cooling
Mathematics—surfaces and volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Cables and Ropes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 How to determine glycol requirements to bring a
system to a desired temperature protection level . . 14
Estimating strength of cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Weight in pounds of round steel shafting . . . . . . . . . . 14
Find the working strength of Manila rope . . . . . . . . . 5
Properties of shafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
How large should drums and sheaves be for various
Tap drills and clearance drills for machine screws . . . . 16
types of wire rope? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Common nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Find advantages of block and tackle, taking into
Drill sizes for pipe taps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
account pull out friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Carbon steel—color and approximate temperature . . . 17
Safe loads for wire rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Bolting dimensions for raised face weld neck flanges . . . 18
Stress in guy wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Steel fitting dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Strength and weight of popular wire rope . . . . . . . . . 9
ANSI forged steel flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Measuring the diameter of wire rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Color codes for locating underground utilities . . . . . . 21
Wire rope: field troubles and their causes . . . . . . . . . . 9
Approximate angle of repose for sloping sides of
Capacity of drums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
excavations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Trench shoring—minimum requirements . . . . . . . . . . 22
Belts and Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Reuniting separated mercury in thermometers . . . . . . 23
Determine length of a V-belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Typical wire resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Calculate stress in shaft key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 How to cut odd-angle long radius elbows . . . . . . . . . . 24
Calculate V-belt length using simple equation . . . . . . 12 How to read land descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Estimate the horsepower that can be transmitted by Size an air receiver for engine starting . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
a shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Wind chill chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
vv
Pipeline Pigging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Average pipelay table—On supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Allowable pipe span between supports . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Sizing plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
How engineers make pipe fit the ditch . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Caliper pigging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Cleaning after construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Pipe Lowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Flooding for hydrotest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
How to lower an existing pipeline that is still in
Dewatering and drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Estimate volume of onshore oil spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Estimating spill volume on water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
When should steel be preheated before welding? . . . . 56
Welding and brazing temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2: Construction, 34
Mechanical properties of pipe welding rods . . . . . . . . 57
Lens shade selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Project Scoping Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Pipeline Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Project scoping data worksheet for major facilities . . . 35
How many welds will the average welder make per
Right-of-Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 hour? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
How much welding rod is required for a mile of
How to determine the crop acreage included in a
schedule 40 pipeline? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
right-of-way strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
How many pounds of electrodes are required per
Clearing and grading right-of-way: labor/equipment
weld on line pipe? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Welding criteria permit safe and effective pipeline
Estimating manhours for removing trees . . . . . . . . . . 37
repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Estimating manhours for removing tree stumps . . . . . 37
Cross country pipeline—vertical down electrode
Clearing and grading right-of-way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
consumption, pounds of electrode per joint . . . . . . 74
Ditching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Guidelines for a successful directional crossing bid
package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
How many cubic yards of excavation in a mile of
ditch? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Shrinkage and expansion of excavated and compacted
3: Pipe Design, 83
soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Ditching and trenching: labor/equipment
Steel pipe design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Properties of pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Concrete Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Length of pipe in bends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Calculation of pipe bends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
How to approximate sacks of cement needed to fill a
Spacing of pipe supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
American standard taper pipe threads . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
What you should know about mixing and finishing
British standard taper pipe threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Normal engagement between male and female
threads to make tight joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Pipe Laying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Hand-held computer calculates pipe weight, contents,
How to determine the degrees of bend in a pipe that velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
must fit a ditch calling for a bend in both Formulas and constants of value in solving problems
horizontal and vertical planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 relating to tubular goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
How to bend pipe to fit ditch—sags, overbends and How to calculate the contraction or expansion of a
combination bends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Pipe bending computations made with hand-held Estimate weight of pipe in metric tons per
calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Calculate maximum bend on cold pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 How to find pipe weight from outside diameter and
Determine length of a pipe bend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 wall thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Length of pipe in arc subtended by any angle . . . . . . 47 What is the maximum allowable length of
Average pipelay table—Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 unsupported line pipe? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
vvii
Identify the schedule number of pipe by direct 5: Hydrostatic Testing, 133
measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Determine buoyancy of bare steel pipe . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Hydrostatic testing for pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Determine buoyancy of bare and concrete coated
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
steel pipe in water and mud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Weights of piping materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Volume of water required to fill test section . . . . . . . . 140
Allowable working pressure for carbon steel pipe . . . . 105 Volume required at test pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Find the stress in pipe wall due to internal
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
How to calculate stress in above/below ground
How to use charts for estimating the amount of
transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
pressure change for a change in test water
How to identify the series number of flanged
temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Compressibility factor for water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Dimensions of three-diameter ells with tangents . . . . 110
Polypipe design data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6: Pipeline Drying, 146
4: Electrical Design, 114
Pipeline Dewatering, Cleaning, and
Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Electrical design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Hazardous locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Dewatering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
NEMA Enclosure Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Cleaning pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Size portable electric generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Brush pig run with gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Typical wattages for tools and applicances . . . . . . . . . 119 Brush pig run with liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Knockout dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Internal sand blasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
National Electrical Code Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Chemical cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Electrical formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Pipeline drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Full load currents—single phase transformers . . . . . . 124 Moisture content of air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Full load currents—three phase transformers . . . . . . . 125 Commissioning petrochemical pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Motor controller sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Vacuum drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Voltage drop on circuits using 600V. copper
conductors in steel conduit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7: Control Valves, 159
Determine the most economical size for electric
power conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Control valve sizing formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
How to find the resistance and weight of copper
Sizing control valves for thruput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Control valve selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
What you should remember about electrical
formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Relief Valve Sizing, Selection,
How to calculate microwave hops on level ground . . . 127
Installation and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
For quick determination of the horsepower per
ampere for induction motors (3 phase) at different Rupture disc sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Rupture disc sizing using the resistance to flow
Chart gives electric motor horsepower for pumping method (K ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
R
units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Variable orifice rotary control valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Pumping stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Sizing Valves for Gas and Vapor . . . . . . . . 180
Floodlighting Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Basic valve flow-capacity coefficient (C) . . . . . . . . . . 180
v
Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Floodlighting calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Point-by-point method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 8: Corrosion/Coatings, 185
Beam-lumen method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Design procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Hand-held computer determines concrete coating
Conductor size coversion chart—Metric to AWG . . . . 132 thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
vii
NAPCA specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 HVDC effects on pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
How much primer for a mile of pipe? . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Troubleshooting cathodic protection systems:
How much coal-tar enamel for a mile of pipe? . . . . . . 192 Rectifier ground bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
How much wrapping for a mile of pipe? . . . . . . . . . . 192 How to control corrosion at compressor stations . . . . . 219
Estimating coating and wrapping materials required Project leak growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
per mile of pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Advances in Pipeline Protection . . . . . . . . 221
Coefficient of friction for pipe coating materials . . . . . 193
Troubleshooting cathodic protection systems: Methods of locating coating defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Magnesium anode system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Case histories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Cathodic protection for pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Estimate the number of squares of tape for pipe
Estimate the pounds of sacrificial anode material coating (machine applied) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
required for offshore pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Estimate the amount of primer required for tape . . . . 227
Comparison of other reference electrode potentials Tape requirements for fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
with that of copper-copper sulfate reference
electrode at 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Induced AC Voltages on Pipelines May
Chart aids in calculating ground bed resistance and
Present a Serious Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
rectifier power cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
How can output of magnesium anodes be
Measuring Unwanted Alternating
predicted? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
How to determine the efficiency of a cathodic Current in Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
protection rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Minimizing shock hazards on pipelines near HVAC
How to calculate the voltage drop in ground bed
lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
cable quickly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
What is the most economical size for a rectifier
cable? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
9: Gas—General, 237
How to estimate the number of magnesium anodes
required and their spacing for a bare line or for a
Know the gas laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
corrosion “hot spot” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Calculate gas properties from a gas analysis . . . . . . . . 240
How can resistivity of fresh water be determined
Physical properties of selected hydrocarbons and
from chemical analysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
other chemicals and gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
What will be the resistance to earth of a single
Nomograph for calculating density and specific
graphite anode? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
volume of gases and vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
How to estimate the monthly power bill for a cathodic
protection rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Considerations for Selecting Energy
What will be the resistance to earth of a group of
Measurement Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
graphite anodes, in terms of the resistance of a
single anode? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Facts about methane and its behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
How can the current output of magnesium rod used Conversion table for pure methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
for the cathodic protection of heat exchanger shells Categories of natural gas and reserves terminology . . . 264
be predicted? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Glossary of common gas industry terms . . . . . . . . . . . 265
What spacing for test leads to measure current on a
pipeline? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
How many magnesium anodes are needed for 10: Gas—Compression, 268
supplementary protection to a short-circuited bare
casing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Group installation of sacrificial anodes . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Performance calculations for reciprocating
How can the life of magnesium anodes be compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
predicted? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Estimating suction and discharge volume bottle sizes
How to find the voltage rating of a rectifier if it is to for pulsation control for reciprocating
deliver a given amount of current through a given compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
ground bed (graphite or carbon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Compression horsepower determination . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Determining current requirements for coated lines . . 213 Generalized compressibility factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Determining current requirements for coated lines Nomograph aids in diagnosing compressor cylinder
when pipe-to-soil potential values are estimated . . . 213 ills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
viii
Centrifugal Compressor Data . . . . . . . . . . 278 How to calculate the weight of gas in a pipeline . . . . . 305
Estimate average pressure in gas pipeline using up
Centrifugal compressor performance calculations . . . . 278
and downstream pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Nomographs for estimating compressor
Chart for determining viscosity of natural gas . . . . . . . 306
performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Flow of gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Estimate hp required to compress natural gas . . . . . . 287
Multi-phase flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Estimate compressor hp where discharge pressure is
Nomograph for calculating Reynolds number for
1,000psi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
compressible flow friction factor for clean steel
Calculate brake horsepower required to compress
and wrought iron pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
How to find the size fuel gas line for a compressor
station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Estimate engine cooling water requirements . . . . . . . 289 12: Liquids—General, 318
Estimate fuel requirements for internal combustion
engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Determining the viscosity of crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Estimating fuel requirements for compressor Chart gives API gravity of blends quickly . . . . . . . . . . 320
installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Liquid gravity and density conversion chart . . . . . . . . 321
Nomograph for calculating viscosities of liquid
hydrocarbons at high pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
11: Gas—Hydraulics, 291 Calculate viscosity of a blend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Calculate gravity of a blend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Gas pipeline hydraulics calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Convert viscosity units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Equivalent lengths for multiple lines based on Convert specific gravity to API gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Panhandle A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Calculate bulk modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Determine pressure loss for a low-pressure gas Viscosities of hydrocarbon liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Nomograph for calculating viscosity of slurries . . . . . . 325
Nomograph for determining pipe-equivalent Nomograph for calculating velocity of liquids in
factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
How much gas is contained in a given line Nomograph for calculating velocity of compressible
section? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 fluids in pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
How to estimate equivalent length factors for gas Nomograph for calculating velocity of liquids in
lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Estimating comparative capacities of gas pipelines . . . 297 Derivation of basic ultrasonic flow equations . . . . . . . 330
Determination of leakage from gas line using pressure How fast does oil move in a pipeline? . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
drop method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Estimate the volume of a pipeline per linear foot
A quick way to determine size of gas gathering using the inside diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 What is the linefill of a given pipe in barrels per
Energy conversion data for estimating . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 mile? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
How to estimate time required to get a shut-in test on Estimate leakage amount through small holes in a
gas transmission lines and approximate a maximum pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
acceptable pressure loss for new lines . . . . . . . . . . 299 Table gives velocity heads for various pipe diameters
How to determine the relationship of capacity and different rates of discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
increase to investment increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Estimate pipe size requirements for increasing
throughput volumes of natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
13: Liquids—Hydraulics, 335
Calculate line loss using cross-sectional areas table
when testing mains with air or gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Marine Hose Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Flow of fuel gases in pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Calculate the velocity of gas in a pipeline . . . . . . . . . . 303 CALM system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Determining throat pressure in a blow-down SALM system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Tandem system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Estimate the amount of gas blown off through a line Multi-point mooring system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
puncture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Pressure loss in hose string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
A practical way to calculate gas flow for pipelines . . . . 304 Pressure drop calculations for rubber hose . . . . . . . . . 341
ix
Examples of pressure drop calculations for rubber 14: Pumps, 399
hose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Typical formulas used for calculating pressure drop Centrifugal pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
and flow rates for pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Speed torque calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Hydraulic gradients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Pulsation Control for Reciprocating
Equivalent lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Series systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Looped systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Key Centrifugal Pump Parameters and
Calculate pressure loss in annular sections . . . . . . . . . 349 How They Impact Your Applications—
Calculate pressure and temperature loss for viscous
Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
crudes ≥1,000cP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Determine batch injection rateas per enclosure . . . . . 352 Key Centrifugal Pump Parameters and
How They Impact Your Applications—
Pressure Loss through Valves and Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Estimate the discharge of a centrifugal pump at
Representative resistance coefficients (K) for valves various speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
and fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 How to estimate the head for an average centrifugal
Nomograph for calculating Reynolds number for flow pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
of liquids and friction factor for clean steel and Find the capacity of reciprocating pump . . . . . . . . . . 432
wrought iron pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 How to estimate the horsepower required to pump
Nomograph for calculating pressure drop of liquids in at a given rate at a desired discharge pressure . . . . 432
lines for turbulent flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Nomograph for determining reciprocating pump
capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Drag-Reducing Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Nomograph for determining specific speed of
pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
The basics of drag reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Nomograph for determining horsepower requirement
How drag-reducing agents can outweigh looping or
of pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
boosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
How to select motors for field gathering pumps . . . . . 435
How active, passive drag affect DRA injections . . . . . 376
Reciprocating pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
How to estimate the rate of liquid discharge from a
Understanding the basics of rotary screw pumps . . . . 445
pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Predict subsurface temperature ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Sizing pipelines for water flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 15: Measurement, 451
How approximate throughput of a line can be
estimated from pipe size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 Pipeline flow measurement—the new influences . . . . 452
Gauge liquid flow where no weir or meter is Liquid measurement orifice plate flange taps . . . . . . . 455
available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 Mass measurement light hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Estimate crude gathering line throughput for a given Pipeline measurement of supercritical carbon
pipe diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
How to determine head loss due to friction in
Gas Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
ordinary iron pipeline carrying clear water . . . . . . . 384
How to size lines, estimate pressure drop and Master meter proving orifice meters in dense phase
optimum station spacing for crude systems . . . . . . 385 ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Estimate the optimum working pressures in crude oil Gas or vapor flow measurement—orifice plate flange
transmission lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 taps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
How to size crude and products lines for capacity Properties of gas and vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
increases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Determine required orifice diameter for any required
How to determine the maximum surge pressure in differential when the present orifice and differential
liquid-filled pipeline when a main valve is closed are known in gas measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
suddenly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Estimate the temperature drop across a regulator . . . 483
What is the hydrostatic pressure due to a column of Estimate natural gas flow rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
oil H feet in height? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 How to estimate the average pressure differential
Transient pressure analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 on the remaining meter runs of a parallel system
Tank farm line sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 when one or more runs are shut off . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
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