Pile Design and Construction Practice, Sixth Edition

597 Pages·2014·36.738 MB·English

by  Michael Tomlinson, John Woodward

Civil Engineering W T Pile Design and
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“This is the standard of care, the ultimate, practical arbitrator.” o
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—Donald A. Bruce, Geosystems LP i
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s Construction Practice
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“The book gives a comprehensive overview of the piling techniques in common use, their r
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advantages and disadvantages. This information gives a sound basis for the selection
of a given technique. Design of piles to Eurocode 7 is well described and all the general
pile installation methods covered.”
Sixth Edition
—Hilary Skinner, Donaldson Associates Ltd. C
Michael Tomlinson’s classic and widely used reference has been updated to provide o
comprehensive references to the new codes and standards now essential for the design and
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construction of piled foundations. Emphasis is placed on the well-established theoretical P
and empirical calculation methods which are amenable to the application of basic computer
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software for pile design. The worked examples incorporate the Eurocode limit state principles i
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and, where applicable, deal with permissible stress design, drawing on the UK National
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Annex and currently active British Standards.
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• New sections include the construction of micropiles and CFA piles, pile-soil
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interaction, verification of pile materials, piling for integral bridge abutments, use of
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polymer stabilising fluids, and more
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• Includes calculations of the resistance of piles to compressive loads, pile groups o
under compressive loading, piled foundations for resisting uplift and lateral loading, i
and the structural design of piles and pile groups ng
• Covers marine structures, durability of piled foundations, ground investigations, n
and pile testing and miscellaneous problems such as machinery foundations, under- P

pinning, mining subsidence areas, geothermal piles, and unexploded ordnance
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It features case studies and detailed examples from around the world which demonstrate n
how piling problems are tackled and solved, and it comments on the essential contract terms c
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and conditions for undertaking work. All is backed-up with relevant published information. It
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serves as a guide for practising geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists, and as
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a resource for piling contractors and graduate students studying geotechnical engineering. c
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John Woodward and the late Michael Tomlinson were colleagues for many years working for
a major international civil engineering contractor, undertaking geotechnical investigations,
foundation design and construction, materials testing and specialist contracting services.
They worked on major projects worldwide such as docks, harbours, petroleum production
and refining facilities, onshore and offshore, industrial structures and multistorey buildings.
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They have also been independently engaged as geotechnical consultants to the construction S
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industry preparing foundation designs, legal reports and contractual advice. it ix
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K20573 n Michael Tomlinson and John Woodward
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
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A SPON PRESS BOOK
K20573 mech rev.indd 1 8/28/14 9:24 AM

Pile Design and
Construction Practice
Sixth Edition

Pile Design and
Construction Practice
Sixth Edition
Michael Tomlinson and John Woodward
A SPON PRESS BOOK
The publishers and authors disclaim any liability in whole or part, arising from information contained in this book. The
reader is advised to consult with an appropriate licensed professional before taking action or making any interpretation
of the material in this book.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2015 by The estate of Michael J Tomlinson and John C Woodward
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Contents
Preface to the sixth edition xiii
Preface to the first edition xix
1 General principles and practices 1
1.1 Function of piles 1
1.2 History 1
1.3 Calculations of load-carrying capacity 2
1.4 Dynamic piling formulae 4
1.5 Introduction of Eurocodes and other standards 5
1.6 Responsibilities of employer and contractor 8
References 10
2 Types of pile 11
2.1 Classification of piles 11
2.1.1 Large-displacement piles (driven types) 11
2.1.2 Large-displacement piles (driven and cast-in-place types) 12
2.1.3 Small-displacement piles 12
2.1.4 Replacement piles 12
2.1.5 Composite piles 12
2.1.6 Minipiles and micropiles 12
2.1.7 Selection of pile type 12
2.2 Driven displacement piles 15
2.2.1 Timber piles 15
2.2.2 Precast concrete piles 19
2.2.3 Jointed precast concrete piles 27
2.2.4 Steel piles 30
2.2.5 Shoes for steel piles 40
2.2.6 Yield stresses for steel piles 41
2.3 Driven and cast-in-place displacement piles 44
2.3.1 General 44
2.3.2 Withdrawable-tube types 44
2.3.3 Shell types 47
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vi  Contents
2.3.4 Stresses on driven and cast-in-place piles 48
2.3.5 Rotary displacement auger piles 49
2.3.6 Helical plate screw piles 51
2.3.7 Vibrated concrete columns 51
2.4 Replacement piles 52
2.4.1 General 52
2.4.2 Bored and cast-in-place piles 52
2.4.3 Continuous flight auger piles 55
2.4.4 Drilled-in tubular piles 58
2.5 Composite piles 58
2.6 Minipiles and micropiles 60
2.6.1 Minipiles 60
2.6.2 Micropiles 62
2.7 Pre-packed piles 63
2.8 Factors governing choice of type of pile 63
2.8.1 Driven displacement piles 63
2.8.2 Driven and cast-in-place displacement piles 64
2.8.3 Bored and cast-in-place replacement piles 65
2.8.4 Choice of pile materials 65
References 66
3 Piling equipment and methods 69
3.1 Equipment for driven piles 70
3.1.1 Piling frames 70
3.1.2 Crane-supported leaders 72
3.1.3 Trestle guides 76
3.1.4 Piling hammers 77
3.1.5 Piling vibrators 85
3.1.6 Selection of type of piling hammer 86
3.1.7 Noise and vibration control in pile driving 89
3.1.8 Pile helmets and driving caps 93
3.1.9 Jetting piles 94
3.2 Equipment for installing driven and cast-in-place piles 96
3.3 Equipment for installing bored and cast-in-place piles 98
3.3.1 Power augers 98
3.3.2 Boring with casing oscillators 105
3.3.3 Continuous flight auger drilling rigs 105
3.3.4 Drilling with a kelly 106
3.3.5 Reverse-circulation drilling rigs 107
3.3.6 Large grab rigs 110
3.3.7 Tripod rigs 110
3.3.8 Drilling for piles with bentonite slurry and support fluids 112
3.3.9 Base and shaft grouting of bored and cast-in-place piles 113
3.4 Procedure in pile installation 116
3.4.1 Driving timber piles 117
3.4.2 Driving precast (including prestressed) concrete piles 117
Contents  vii
3.4.3 Driving steel piles 117
3.4.4 Driving and concreting steel shell piles 119
3.4.5 Installation of withdrawable-tube types
of driven and cast-in-place piles 119
3.4.6 Installation of bored and cast-in-place
piles by power auger equipment 120
3.4.7 Installing continuous flight auger piles 123
3.4.8 Concreting pile shafts under water 124
3.4.9 Installation of bored and cast-in-place piles by
grabbing, vibratory and reverse-circulation rigs 125
3.4.10 Installation of bored and cast-in-place piles by tripod rigs 125
3.4.11 Installation of raking piles 125
3.4.12 Withdrawal of temporary casings 126
3.4.13 Positional tolerances 127
3.5 Constructing piles in groups 128
References 128
4 Calculating the resistance of piles to compressive loads 131
4.1 General considerations 131
4.1.1 Basic approach to the calculation of pile resistance 131
4.1.2 Behaviour of a pile under load 132
4.1.3 Determining allowable loads on piles
using allowable stress methods 134
4.1.4 Determining design loads and resistances in
compression using the procedure in Eurocode
BS EN 1997-1:2004 Geotechnical design 135
4.2 Calculations for piles in fine-grained soils 143
4.2.1 Driven displacement piles 143
4.2.2 Driven and cast-in-place displacement piles 151
4.2.3 Bored and cast-in-place non-displacement piles 151
4.2.4 Time effects on pile resistance in clays 155
4.3 Piles in coarse-grained soils 156
4.3.1 General 156
4.3.2 Driven piles in coarse-grained soils 163
4.3.3 Piles with open ends driven into coarse-grained soils 164
4.3.4 Driven and cast-in-place piles in coarse-grained soils 165
4.3.5 Bored and cast-in-place piles in coarse-grained soils 165
4.3.6 Use of in situ tests to predict the ultimate
resistance of piles in coarse-grained soils 167
4.3.7 Tubular steel piles driven to deep
penetration into clays and sands 171
4.3.8 Time effects for piles in coarse-grained soils 177
4.4 Piles in soils intermediate between sands and clays 178
4.5 Piles in layered fine- and coarse-grained soils 179
4.6 Settlement of the single pile at the applied load for piles in soil 181
viii  Contents
4.7 Piles bearing on rock 186
4.7.1 Driven piles 186
4.7.2 Driven and cast-in-place piles 191
4.7.3 Bored and cast-in-place piles 192
4.7.4 Settlement of the single pile at the applied
load for piles in rocks 200
4.7.5 Eurocode recommendations for piles in rock 201
4.8 Piles in fill: negative skin friction 202
4.8.1 Estimating negative skin friction 202
4.8.2 Partial factors for negative skin friction 207
4.8.3 Minimising negative skin friction 208
4.9 Soil–pile interaction 209
4.9.1 Axially loaded single piles 210
4.9.2 Single pile subjected to lateral load 212
4.9.3 Pile groups 213
4.9.4 Piled rafts 213
4.9.5 Downdrag 215
4.9.6 Rock sockets 216
4.9.7 Obtaining soil parameters 216
4.10 Load and resistance factor design applied to pile design 217
Worked examples 220
Example 4.1 220
Example 4.2 222
Example 4.3 224
Example 4.4 227
Example 4.5 227
Example 4.6 229
Example 4.7 232
Example 4.8 234
Example 4.9 234
References 237
5 Pile groups under compressive loading 243
5.1 Group action in piled foundations 243
5.2 Pile groups in fine-grained soils 247
5.2.1 Ultimate bearing resistance 247
5.2.2 Settlement 253
5.3 Pile groups in coarse-grained soils 265
5.3.1 Estimating settlements from standard penetration tests 265
5.3.2 Estimating settlements from static cone penetration tests 270
5.4 Eurocode 7 recommendations for pile groups 274
5.5 Pile groups terminating in rock 275
5.6 Pile groups in filled ground 277
5.7 Effects on pile groups of installation methods 281
5.8 Precautions against heave effects in pile groups 283