Piezoelectric materials and devices : applications in engineering and medical sciences

180 Pages·2013·15.498 MB·English

by  M S Vijaya

V
MATERIALS SCIENCE / ELECTRONIC AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS
I
J
A
Piezoelectric
Y
A
Piezoelectric Materials and Devices: Applications in Engineering
and Medical Sciences provides a complete overview of piezoelectric
materials, covering all aspects of the materials starting from fundamental P Materials
concepts. The treatment includes physics of piezoelectric materials, their
i
characteristics, and applications. The author uses simple language to e
explain the theory of piezoelectricity and introduce readers to the properties z
and Devices
and design of different types of piezoelectric materials, such as those used o
in engineering and medical device applications.
e
l
This book: e
• Introduces various types of dielectrics and their classification c Applications in Engineering
based on their characteristics t
r
• Addresses the mathematical formulation of piezoelectric effects i and Medical Sciences
c
and the definition of various piezoelectric constants

• Describes the structure and properties of practical piezoelectric
M
materials such as quartz, lead zirconate titanate, barium titanate,
zinc oxide, and polyvinylidene fluoride a
• Covers the entire gamut of piezoelectric devices used in engineering t
e
and medical applications
• Discusses briefly the use of piezoelectric materials for energy r
i
harvesting and structural health monitoring a
• Explores new developments in biomedical applications of
l
piezoelectric devices such as drug delivery, blood flow and blood s
pressure monitoring, robotic operating tools, etc.
a
• Elaborates on design and virtual prototyping of piezoelectric
n
devices through the use of FE software tools ANSYS and PAFEC
d
Giving design engineers, scientists, and technologists the information and
D
guidance they will need to adopt piezoelectric materials in the develop-
ment of smart devices, this book will also motivate engineering and science e
students to initiate new research for developing innovative devices. Its v
contents will be invaluable to both students and professionals seeking i
c
a greater understanding of fundamentals and applications in the evolving
e
field of piezoelectrics.
M . S . V I J A Y A
s
K14058
ISBN: 978-1-4398-8786-8
90000
9 781439 887868
K14058_Cover_mech.indd 1 7/31/12 12:13 PM
Piezoelectric
Materials
and Devices
Applications in Engineering
and Medical Sciences

Piezoelectric
Materials
and Devices
Applications in Engineering
and Medical Sciences
M . S . V i j a y a
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
K14058_FM.indd 2 2/29/12 9:22 AM
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20120518
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-8788-2 (eBook - PDF)
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Dedicated to
My mother who is no more in this world but lives in my heart.

Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
1 Introduction......................................................................................................1
1.1. Classification.of.Dielectric.Materials...................................................1
1.2. Important.Dielectric.Parameters.........................................................2
1.2.1. Electric.Dipole.Moment.p........................................................2
1.2.2. Polar.and.Nonpolar.Dielectric.Materials..............................3
1.2.3. Electric.Polarization.P..............................................................3
1.2.4. Dielectric.Displacement.or.Flux.Density.D,.Dielectric.
Constant.ε,.and.Electric.Susceptibilty.χ................................4
r
1.2.5. Spontaneous.Polarization.P ...................................................4
S
1.3. Electrostrictive.Effect.............................................................................5
1.4. Piezoelectric.Effect.................................................................................6
1.5. Pyroelectric.Effect..................................................................................8
1.6. Ferroelectric.Materials.........................................................................10
1.6.1. Ferroelectric.Domains............................................................10
1.6.2. Ferroelectric.Hysteresis..........................................................10
1.6.3. Ferroelectric.Transition.Temperature..................................11
1.7. Poling.....................................................................................................12
1.8. Applications.of.Ferroelectric.Materials............................................12
2 Piezoelectric Characteristics.......................................................................15
2.1. Introduction..........................................................................................15
2.2. Piezoelectric.Coefficients....................................................................15
2.3. Tensor.Form.of.Piezoelectric.Equations...........................................21
2.3.1. Piezoelectric.Coefficient.d......................................................22
2.3.2. Mechanical.Parameters:.Elastic.Compliance.Constant.
and.Elastic.Stiffness.Constant...............................................25
2.3.3. Dielectric.Parameter:.Permittivity........................................26
2.4. Independent.Components.of.Piezoelectric,.Elastic,.and.
Dielectric.Matrices...............................................................................26
2.4.1. Interpretation.of.Piezoelectric.Coefficients.d ,.d ,.
33 31
and.d .......................................................................................28
15
2.5. Generator.and.Motor.Actions.of.Piezoelectric.Materials...............31
2.5.1. Generator.Action.....................................................................31
2.5.2. Motor.Action............................................................................32
2.6. Strain.versus.Electric.Field.in.Piezoelectric.Materials....................32
2.7. Piezoelectric.Coupling.Coefficient.k..................................................33
2.8. Dynamic.Behaviour.of.a.Piezoelectric.Material..............................35
vii
viii Contents
3 Piezoelectric Materials.................................................................................39
3.1. Introduction..........................................................................................39
3.2. Quartz....................................................................................................39
3.3. Lead.Zirconate.Titanate.(PZT)...........................................................41
3.3.1. Composition.and.Structure.of.PZT......................................41
3.3.2. Phase.Transitions.in.PZT.......................................................42
3.3.3. Lanthanum-Doped.PZT.(PLZT)...........................................43
3.4. Fabrication.of.PZT................................................................................44
3.4.1. Fabrication.of.PZT.in.Powder.Form.....................................44
3.4.1.1. Solid-.State.Solution.Technique..............................44
3.4.1.2. Coprecipitation.from.Solution...............................45
3.4.1.3. Sol–Gel.Technique...................................................45
3.4.2. Shape.Forming.Techniques.from.PZT.Powder..................45
3.4.2.1. PZT.Discs,.Cylinders,.Plates,.etc...........................45
3.4.2.2. PZT.Thick.Films—Tape.Casting.Technique........46
3.4.3. Fabrication.of.PZT.Thin.Films..............................................47
3.4.3.1. RF.Sputtering.Deposition.Technique...................47
3.4.3.2. Spin.Coating.Technique.........................................47
3.4.3.3. Chemical.Vapour.Deposition.Technique.............47
3.5. Polymer.Piezoelectric.Materials.........................................................48
3.5.1. Polyvinylidene.Fluoride.(PVDF)...........................................48
3.6. Other.Piezoelectric.Materials.............................................................49
3.6.1. Barium.Titanate.......................................................................50
3.6.2. Zinc.Oxide.Thin.Films...........................................................50
3.7. Composite.Piezoelectric.Materials....................................................50
3.7.1. 0-3.PZT–Polymer.Composites...............................................51
3.7.2. 1-3.PZT–Polymer.Composites...............................................52
3.7.3. 3-3.PZT–Polymer.Composite.................................................54
References........................................................................................................54
4 Engineering Applications of Piezoelectric Materials............................57
4.1. Introduction..........................................................................................57
4.2. Gas.Lighter............................................................................................57
4.3. Pressure.Sensor....................................................................................59
4.4. Accelerometer.......................................................................................60
4.4.1. Principle.of.Piezoelectric.Accelerometer.............................60
4.4.2. Operating.Frequency.Range.................................................62
4.4.3. Types.of.Piezoelectric.Accelerometers.................................64
4.5. Piezoelectric.Gyroscope–Angular.Rate.Sensors.............................65
4.5.1. Piezoelectric.Beam.Gyroscope..............................................67
4.5.2. Piezoelectric.Tuning.Fork.Gyroscope..................................68
4.5.3. Piezoelectric.Cylindrical.Gyroscope....................................68
4.5.3.1. Operation.of.the.Steel.Cylinder.Gyroscope.........69
4.6. Piezoelectric.Microphone...................................................................71
Contents ix
4.7. Piezoelectric.Ultrasonic.Transducers.for.Sound.Navigation.
and.Ranging.(SONAR)........................................................................71
4.7.1. Tonpilz.Transducer.................................................................73
4.7.2. High-.Frequency.Underwater.Transducers.........................74
4.7.3. Piezoelectric.Hydrophone.Specifications............................74
4.7.4. Piezoelectric.Projector.Specifications...................................76
4.8. Piezoelectric.Tactile.Sensor................................................................76
4.9. Energy.Harvesting...............................................................................77
4.10. Piezoelectric.Electronic.Buzzer.and.Tweeter...................................80
4.11. Piezoelectric.Actuators........................................................................80
4.11.1. Piezoelectric.Stack.Actuator..................................................81
4.11.2. Piezoelectric.Bender.Actuator—Bimorph.and.Unimorph...83
4.11.2.1. Piezoelectric.Bimorph.............................................83
4.11.2.2. Piezoelectric.Unimorph..........................................84
4.11.3. Piezoelectric.Cymbal.Actuator.............................................85
4.12. Piezoelectric.Motor..............................................................................87
4.12.1. Linear.Piezoelectric.Motors...................................................87
4.12.2. Piezoelectric.Ultrasonic.Rotary.Motor................................89
4.13. Piezoelectric.Micro.Pump...................................................................91
4.14. Piezoelectric.Ultrasonic.Drill.............................................................92
4.15. Ultrasonic.Cleaner...............................................................................93
4.16. Quartz.Crystal.Oscillator....................................................................94
4.17. Quartz.Crystal.Balance.......................................................................95
4.18. Quartz.Tuning.Fork.in.Atomic.Force.Microscope..........................96
4.19. Piezoelectric.Transformer...................................................................96
4.19.1. Rosen.Piezoelectric.Transformer..........................................96
4.19.2. Longitudinal.Vibration.Piezoelectric.Transformer............98
4.19.3. Radial.Vibration.Piezoelectric.Transformer........................99
4.20. Nondestructive.Testing.(NDT).of.Materials.Using.Ultrasonics....100
4.21. Noise.and.Vibration.Control............................................................102
4.22. Structural.Health.Monitoring..........................................................104
4.23. Piezoelectric.Sensors.and.Actuators.in.Smart.Systems.and.
Robots..................................................................................................105
References......................................................................................................106
5 Medical Applications of Piezoelectric Materials..................................109
5.1. Introduction........................................................................................109
5.2. Blood.Pressure.Monitor....................................................................109
5.3. Piezoelectric.Heartbeat.Monitor......................................................111
5.4. Piezoelectric.Tactile.Sensor—Endoscopic.Grasper.and.
Minimal.Invasive.Surgical.Instrument...........................................111
5.5. Piezoelectric.Accelerometer—Monitoring.Patient.Activity.
and.Detecting.Tremors......................................................................112
5.6. Piezoelectric.Pump—Drug.Delivery.and.Biomedical.Analyses....112
5.7. Ultrasonic.Imaging............................................................................113