phytochemicals as bioactive agents

297 Pages·2007·14.81 MB·English

PHY TOCHEMICALS
AS BlOACTlVE AGENTS

PHY TOCHEMICALS
AS BIOACTIVE AGENTS
Edited by
Wayne R. Bidlack, Ph.D.
College of Agriculture
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Stanley T. Omaye, Ph.D., F.A.T.S.
Department of Nutrition
University of Nevada, Reno
Mark S. Meskin, Ph.D.
Department of Food, Nutrition and Consumer Science
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Debra K. W. Topham, M.S., C.N.S.
Rehnborg Center for Nutrition and Wellness
Nutrite Division of Amway Corporation
CRC PRESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
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Phytochemicals as Bioactive Agents
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Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
List of Contributors xvii
1. STRATEGIES FOR THE DISCOVERY OF BlOACTlVE
PHYTOCHEMICALS.. ..........................................1
STEPHEN 0. DUKE, AGNES M. RIMANDO, FRANCK E. DAYAN,
CAMILO CANEL, DAVlD E. WEDGE MARlO R. TELLEZ,
KEVIN K. SCHRADER, LESLIE A. WESTON, TROY J. SMILLIE,
REX N. PAUL AND MARY V. DUKE
Introduction 1
Strategies for Choosing a Plant Species or Plant Tissue 2
Tools for Determination of Active Compounds from a Plant 8
Conclusions 15
References 16
2. QSAR AND MOLECULAR MODELING OF BlOACTlVE
PHYTO-PHENOLICS .......................................... 21
ERlC J. LIEN AND SHIJUN REN
Introduction 2 1
Lignans and Tannins as Antiviral and Anti-Tumor Agents 23
Isoflavonoids as Phytoestrogens and Flavonoids as
Antiestrogens 25
Antioxidant Phenolics-Physicochemical Properties 26
QSAR Analysis of the Antioxidant Activities of Vitamin E
Analogs 28
vi Contents
Curcumin and Related Compounds as Blockers of Signal
Transduction in Inhibition of Tumor Promotion 31
Conclusion 38
Acknowledgement 38
References 38
3. CHEMOPREVENTION BY PHYTOCHEMICAL MODIFIERS OF
CARCINOGEN METABOLISM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
STEPHEN S. HECHT
Introduction 43
Isothiocyanates and Glucosinolates 44
Inhibition of Carcinogenesis By Isothiocyanates, Glucosinolates, and
Cruciferous Vegetables 45
Indole-3-Carbinol 54
Thiols of Allium Plants 58
Conclusions 63
Acknowledgements 64
References 64
4. CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGN FOR EVALUATING PHYTOCHEMICAL
BlOACTlVlTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
KEVlN C. MAKl
Introduction 75
Clinical Trial: A Definition 75
Fundamental Principles 76
Regulatory Issues 77
Setting 77
The Clinical Trial Protocol 78
Outcome Variables 78
Study Design 79
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 80
Blinding and Controls 82
Special Considerations for Investigations of Phytochemicals in
Foods 82
Sample Size and Power 83
Budget 84
Seek Expert Advice 85
Publications 85
Contents vii
Summary 85
References 86
5. THE USE OF FERMENTABLE FIBERS TO MANAGE THE
GASTROINTESTINAL ECOSYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
RANDAL K. BUDDINGTON
The Gastrointestinal Tract is an Ecosystem 87
Components of the GIT Ecosystem 88
Gastrointestinal Functions 90
Management Tools 90
Fermentable Fibers 92
Managing the Mature GIT 94
Managing the Developing GIT 94
Managing the Senescent GIT 96
Managing Recovery of the GIT 96
Perspectives 97
References 98
6. PHYTOANTIMICROBIAL (PAM) AGENTS AS MULTIFUNCTIONAL
FOOD ADDITIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
A. S. NAIDU
Introduction 105
PAM from Oils 106
PAM from Spices 108
PAM from Fruit and Vegetables 110
PAM from Herbs 1 1 1
PAM-Thiosulfinates from Garlic 1 15
PAM-Polyphenols from Tea 120
Conclusions 124
References 124
7. THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF TEA ON CANCER: HUMAN
EVIDENCE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
JUNSHI CHEN AND CH1 HAN
Introduction 13 1
The Chemistry of Tea 132
Laboratory Studies on the Preventive Effects of Tea on Cell
Mutation 133
viii Con ten ts
Laboratory Studies on the Inhibition of Tumorigenesis and
Carcinogenesis 135
Suggested Mechanisms for Inhibition of Tumorigenesis and
Carcinogenesis by Tea Phytochemicals 137
Epidemiological Evidence 138
Clinical Intervention Trials 139
Conclusions 146
References 147
8. EFFECT OF GENlSTElN ON GROWTH OF HUMAN BREAST
CANCER CELLS IN VITRO AND IN VlVO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l51
WlLLlAM HELFERICH
Introduction 15 1
Anti-Proliferative Effects of Genistein 152
Estrogenic Activity of Genistein 153
Genistein, Estrogen, and Breast Cancer-An Issue of Dosage and
Timing 155
Conclusions and Future Research l58
References 15 8
9. CANCER PREVENTION BY CAROTENOIDS AND CURCUMIN. . . 161
HOYOKU NISHINO, HARUKUNI TOKUDA, MlCHlAKl MURAKOSHI,
YOSHIKO SATOMI, HlROHlKO MATSUMOTO, MITSUHARU MASUDA,
PING BU, MAR1 ONOZUKA, SHIN0 YAMAGUCHI, YOKO OKUDA,
JUNK0 TAKAYASU, ATSUKO NISHINO, JUN TSURUTA, MASATO
OKUDA, EllCHlRO ICHIISHI, KAZUTO NOSAKA, TAKAO KONOSHIMA,
TOSHlMlTSU KATO, ZOHAR NIR, FREDERICK KHACHIK, NORlHlKO
MISAWA, TOM10 NARISAWA AND NOBUO TAKASUKA
Introduction 16 1
Anti-Carcinogenic Activity of Natural Carotenoids 162
Anti-Carcinogenic Activity of Curcumin 164
Conclusion 165
Acknowledgements 165
References l65
10. ALFALFA SAPONINS: CHEMISTRY AND APPLICATION . . . . . . . 167
WIESLAW A. OLESZEK
Introduction 167
Aglycones of Alfalfa Saponin 169
Root Saponins 170
Contents
Seed Saponins 173
Saponins from Alfalfa Seedlings 175
Alfalfa Aerial Parts 176
Biological Activity of Alfalfa Saponins 18 1
Conclusions 185
References 185
11. SAW PALMETTO: CRITICAL REVIEW, CHEMISTRY, AND
APPLICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
PAUL BUBRICK, PAUL JOHNSON AND KERRY STONEBROOK
Introduction 189
Treatment Strategies 190
BPH Can Be Treated With Extracts of Saw Palmetto 191
The Active Components of Saw Palmetto are not Fully
Elucidated 192
Continued Phytochemical Research on Saw Palmetto 193
Conclusion 195
Acknowledgements 195
References l96
12. EFFECT OF GARLIC ON SERUM CHOLESTEROL LEVELS . . . . . 199
CHRISTOPHER D. GARDNER, LORRAINE CHATTERJEE AND
JOSEPH CARLSON
Introduction 199
Garlic Formulations and Compounds 199
Mechanistic and Animal Studies 200
Clinical Trials 201
Discussion and Conclusions 208
Implications 2 10
References 2 11
13. BlOACTlVES IN RICE BRAN AND RlCE BRAN OIL.. . . . . . . . . . . . 213
RUKMlNl CHERUVANKY
Introduction 2 13
Defining Rice Bran 214
The Need for Stabilization 2 15
Criteria for Stabilization of Rice Bran 215
Fiber Fractions 217
Antioxidant Effect 222