Physiology of Elasmobranch Fishes: Internal Processes

573 Pages·2016·18.751 MB·English

by  Robert E. Shadwick, Anthony P. Farrell and Colin J. Brauner (Eds.)

PHYSIOLOGY OF
ELASMOBRANCH FISHES:
INTERNAL PROCESSES
This is Volume 34B in the
FISH PHYSIOLOGY series
Edited by Anthony P. Farrell and Colin J. Brauner
Honorary Editors: William S. Hoar and David J. Randall
A complete list of books in this series appears at the end of the volume
PHYSIOLOGY OF
ELASMOBRANCH FISHES:
INTERNAL PROCESSES
Edited by
ROBERT E. SHADWICK
DepartmentofZoology
The University of BritishColumbia
Vancouver,British Columbia
Canada
ANTHONY P. FARRELL
Departmentof Zoology,andFacultyof LandandFood Systems
The University of BritishColumbia
Vancouver,British Columbia
Canada
COLIN J. BRAUNER
DepartmentofZoology
The University of BritishColumbia
Vancouver,British Columbia
Canada
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CONTENTS
CONTENTS OF PHYSIOLOGY OF ELASMOBRANCH FISHES:
STRUCTURE AND INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENT, VOLUME 34A ix
CONTRIBUTORS xiii
PREFACE xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xix
1. Elasmobranch Cardiovascular System
Richard W. Brill and N. Chin Lai
1. Introduction 2
2. CardiovascularFunctionandEnergetics 3
3. FactorsControllingandEffectingCardiovascular
Function 24
4. SignalingMechanismsEffectingBloodVesselDiameter 37
5. TheActionPotentialandExcitation–Contraction(EC)Couplingin
ElasmobranchHearts:TheInfluencesofEnvironmental,Biochemical,
andMolecularFactors 48
6. PracticalApplications:PhysiologyintheServiceofElasmobranch
Conservation 54
7. Summary 57
2. Control of Breathing in Elasmobranchs
William K. Milsom and Edwin (Ted) W. Taylor
1. Introduction 84
2. Ventilation:EfferentMotorOutputtotheRespiratory
Muscles 85
3. CentralRespiratoryRhythmGeneration:TheSourceoftheMotor
Output 91
4. TheRespiratoryPattern:TheConditionalNature
oftheOutput 94
v
vi
CONTENTS
5. RelationshipsBetweenVentilationandHeartRate 103
6. AfferentInput 108
7. Conclusions 115
3. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in Elasmobranchs
Phillip R. Morrison, Kathleen M. Gilmour
and Colin J. Brauner
1. Introduction 128
2. Blood-OxygenTransport 132
3. TransportandEliminationofCarbonDioxide 184
4. ConclusionsandPerspectives 197
4. Organic Osmolytes in Elasmobranchs
Paul H. Yancey
1. Introduction 222
2. OsmoconformersVersusOsmoregulators 224
3. PropertiesofOrganicOsmolytes 233
4. MetabolismandRegulation 256
5. EvolutionaryConsiderations 263
6. KnowledgeGapsandFutureDirections 264
5. Regulation of Ions, Acid–Base, and Nitrogenous Wastes
in Elasmobranchs
Patricia A. Wright and Chris M. Wood
1. Introduction 280
2. Ionoregulation 280
3. Acid–BaseBalance 298
4. NitrogenousWastes 310
5. ConcludingRemarks 327
6. Feeding and Digestion in Elasmobranchs: Tying
Diet and Physiology Together
Carol Bucking
1. Introduction 348
2. FeedingHabitsofElasmobranchs 350
3. ElasmobranchGastrointestinalTractAnatomy 365
4. DigestiveEnzymesandSecretions 373
5. EffectsofDigestiononHomeostasis 379
6. FuturePerspectives 381
7. Metabolism of Elasmobranchs (Jaws II)
J.S. Ballantyne
1. Introduction 396
2. EvolutionaryContext 398
vii
CONTENTS
3. DietandDigestion 399
4. OxidativeMetabolism 404
5. CarbohydrateMetabolism 407
6. NitrogenMetabolism 411
7. LipidandKetoneBodyMetabolism 426
8. VitaminMetabolism 435
9. XenobioticMetabolism 436
10. ConclusionsandPerspectives 437
8. Endocrine Systems in Elasmobranchs
W. Gary Anderson
1. Introduction 458
2. PituitaryGland 459
3. CorticosteroidsandCatecholamines 472
4. Gastro-Entero-PancreaticHormones 484
5. TheHeartasanEndocrineGland 497
6. TheKidneyasanEndocrineGland 502
7. ThePineal 505
8. CalciumRegulation 506
9. ConclusionsandPerspectives 508
INDEX 531
OTHERVOLUMESINTHEFISHPHYSIOLOGYSERIES 549
CONTENTS OF
PHYSIOLOGY OF ELASMOBRANCH FISHES:
STRUCTURE AND INTERACTION WITH
ENVIRONMENT, VOLUME 34A
1. Elasmobranchs and Their Extinct Relatives: Diversity,
Relationships, and Adaptations Through Time
Philippe Janvier and Alan Pradel
1. Introduction 2
2. SystematicandPhylogeneticFrameworkofChondrichthyanDiversity 4
3. EnvironmentsandAdaptations 13
4. Conclusion 14
2. How Elasmobranchs Sense Their Environment
Shaun P. Collin, Ryan M. Kempster and Kara E. Yopak
1. Introduction 20
2. TheVisualSystem 22
3. TheNon-visualSystem 32
4. TheAuditoryandVestibularSystems 33
5. TheElectrosensorySystem 39
6. TheLateralLineSystem 44
7. CutaneousMechanoreception 48
8. TheChemosensorySystems 49
9. SensoryInputtotheCentralNervousSysteminElasmobranchs 55
10. PerspectivesonFutureDirections 72
3. Elasmobranch Gill Structure
Nicholas C. Wegner
1. Introduction 102
2. OverviewoftheElasmobranchGill 102
3. EvolutionoftheGill:ElasmobranchGillStructureinRelation
toOtherFishes 105
4. ElasmobranchVersusTeleostVentilation 108
ix
x
CONTENTS
5. DetailsoftheElasmobranchGill 110
6. DiversityinElasmobranchGillDimensionsandMorphology 125
7. Conclusions 145
4. Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics of Feeding in
Elasmobranchs
Cheryl A.D. Wilga and Lara A. Ferry
1. GeneralTrophicMorphology 154
2. FeedingBehaviors 164
3. BiomechanicalModelsforPreyCapture 167
4. ModulationofMuscleActivity 174
5. BiomechanicalModelsforPreyProcessingandTransport 176
6. BiomechanicsofFilterFeeding 177
7. BiomechanicsofUpperJawProtrusion 178
8. EcophysiologicalPatterns 180
5. Elasmobranch Muscle Structure and Mechanical
Properties
Scott G. Seamone and Douglas A. Syme
1. Introduction 190
2. FiberTypes 192
3. ContractileProperties 202
4. Summary 212
5. FutureDirections 214
6. Swimming Mechanics and Energetics of Elasmobranch Fishes
George V. Lauder and Valentina Di Santo
1. Introduction 220
2. ElasmobranchLocomotorDiversity 221
3. ElasmobranchKinematicsandBodyMechanics 222
4. HydrodynamicsofElasmobranchLocomotion 228
5. TheRemarkableSkinofElasmobranchsanditsLocomotor
Function 233
6. EnergeticsofElasmobranchLocomotion 235
7. ClimateChange:EffectsonElasmobranchLocomotorFunction 239
8. Conclusions 244
7. Reproduction Strategies
Cynthia A. Awruch
1. Introduction 256
2. ClassificationofReproductiveModesinElasmobranchs 257
3. MatingStrategiesandParthenogenesis 272
4. ClassificationofReproductiveCyclesinElasmobranchs 277
5. EndocrineControlofReproductiveCyclesinElasmobranchs 282
6. TheFuture 295
xi
CONTENTS
8. Field Studies of Elasmobranch Physiology
Diego Bernal and Christopher G. Lowe
1. Introduction 312
2. ThermalPhysiology 316
3. SwimmingKinematicsandEnergetics 347
4. ACaseFieldStudy:ThresherSharks 359
5. FutureDirectionsinFieldPhysiology 364
INDEX 379