Physiology of behavior

771 Pages·2013·50.544 MB·English

by  Carlson, Neil R

Why Do You Need this New Edition?
If you’re wondering why you should buy this new edition
of Physiology of Behavior, here are several good reasons:
• Over 400 new research references. Biopsychology as a field evolves rapidly, with new research methods
applied every year. The new research reported in this edition reflects the enormous advances made in
research methods. Instructors will include this new material in your exams.
• Updated illustrations. The author has revised existing art and prepared new art to illustrate research
that is described for the first time in this edition. The result is a set of up-to-date, clear, consistent, and
attractive illustrations.
• NEW Review Questions are included at the end of each chapter so you can check your understanding of
the chapter’s content.
• Updated Section Summaries with Thought Questions. Summaries appear at the end of each major sec-
tion so you have the chance to stop and review several times in each chapter. Section Summaries now
include Thought Questions so you can test your understanding of the material.
• NEW MyPsychLab combines original online learning applications with online assessments to help
you engage in learning, assess your progress, and help you succeed. For each chapter of the text,
MyPsychLab has a pre-test, post-test and chapter exam so you can get immediate feedback on your
progress. You will receive a personalized study plan to help you succeed. MyPsychLab also contains an
eText so you can access your textbook anytime, anywhere, including listening online.
• NEW feature: Explore the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab. This feature appears at the end of every chapter
and directs you to relevant content in the Virtual Brain application in MyPsychLab. Virtual Brain is an
interactive 3D application which allows you to take tours through different sections of the brain while
using real life scenarios to explain behavior.
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eleventh edition
Physiology
Behavior
of
Neil R. CaRlsoN
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available upon request.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Student Edition:
ISBN-10: 0-205-23939-0
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-23939-9
Instructor’s Review Copy:
ISBN-10: 0-205-23948-X
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-23948-1
A la Carte:
ISBN-10: 0-205-23981-1
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-23981-8
Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System 27
Chapter 3 Structure of the Nervous System 66
Chapter 4 Psychopharmachology 99
Chapter 5 Methods and Strategies of Research 130
Chapter 6 Vision 164
Chapter 7 Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses 207
Chapter 8 Control of Movement 255
Chapter 9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms 288
Chapter 10 Reproductive Behavior 323
Chapter 11 Emotion 359
Chapter 12 Ingestive Behavior 393
Chapter 13 Learning and Memory 434
Chapter 14 Human Communication 479
Chapter 15 Neurological Disorders 516
Chapter 16 Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders 552
Chapter 17 Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder,
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,
and Stress Disorders 584
Chapter 18 Drug Abuse 614
v
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Contents
1 Introduction
1
Understanding Human Consciousness: Evolution of the Human Species 16
a Physiological approach 3
Evolution of Large Brains 19
Blindsight 4
■ seCtioN sUmmaRy 21
Split Brains 4
ethical issues in Research with animals 22
Unilateral Neglect 7
Perception of Self 8 Careers in Neuroscience 26
■ seCtioN sUmmaRy 8 ■ seCtioN sUmmaRy 24
the Nature of Behavioral Neuroscience 9 strategies for learning 25
The Goals of Research 10
Review Questions 26
Biological Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience 10
Explore the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab 26
■ seCtioN sUmmaRy 14
Natural selection and evolution 14
Functionalism and the Inheritance
of Traits 14
Structure and Functions
2
of Cells of the Nervous System
27
Cells of the Nervous system 29 Activation of Receptors 56
Neurons 29 Postsynaptic Potentials 57
Supporting Cells 36 Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials 58
The Blood–Brain Barrier 39 Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials:
Neural Integration 60
■ seCtioN sUmmaRy 40
Autoreceptors 60
Communication Within a Neuron 41
Other Types of Synapses 61
Neural Communication: An Overview 41
Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication 62
Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons 43
■ seCtioN sUmmaRy 63
The Membrane Potential: Balance
of Two Forces 45 Review Questions 65
The Action Potential 46 Explore the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab 65
Conduction of the Action Potential 49
■ seCtioN sUmmaRy 50
Communication Between Neurons 51
Structure of Synapses 52
Release of Neurotransmitter 54 vii
viii Contents
3 Structure of the Nervous System
66
Basic Features of the Nervous system 67 the Peripheral Nervous system 93
An Overview 70 Spinal Nerves 93
Meninges 70 Cranial Nerves 93
The Ventricular System and Production The Autonomic Nervous System 94
of CSF 71
■ seCtioN sUmmaRy 98
■ seCtioN sUmmaRy 74
Review Questions 98
the Central Nervous system 74 Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab 98
Development of the Central Nervous System 74
The Forebrain 80
The Midbrain 88
The Hindbrain 89
The Spinal Cord 91
■ seCtioN sUmmaRy 92
4 Psychopharmacology
99
Principles of Psychopharmacology 101 Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators 111
Pharmacokinetics 101 Acetylcholine 111
Drug Effectiveness 103 The Monoamines 114
Effects of Repeated Administration 104 Amino Acids 121
Placebo Effects 105 Peptides 123
■ seCtioN sUmmaRy 106 Lipids 124
Nucleosides 125
sites of Drug action 106
Soluble Gases 126
Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters 107
■ seCtioN sUmmaRy 127
Effects on Storage and Release
of Neurotransmitters 108
Review Questions 129
Effects on Receptors 108 Explore the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab 129
Effects on Reuptake or Destruction
of Neurotransmitters 110
■ seCtioN sUmmaRy 110
Contents ix
5 Methods and Strategies of Research
130
Experimental Ablation 132 neurochemical methods 156
Evaluating the Behavioral Effects Finding Neurons That Produce Particular
of Brain Damage 132 Neurochemicals 156
Producing Brain Lesions 132 Localizing Particular Receptors 157
Stereotaxic Surgery 134 Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain 158
Histological Methods 135 ■ SECtion SummAry 159
Tracing Neural Connections 139
Genetic methods 160
Studying the Structure of the Living
Twin Studies 160
Human Brain 142
Adoption Studies 161
■ SECtion SummAry 144
Genomic Studies 161
recording and Stimulating neural Activity 146 Targeted Mutations 161
Recording Neural Activity 146
Antisense Oligonucleotides 162
Recording the Brain’s Metabolic
■ SECtion SummAry 162
and Synaptic Activity 149
Stimulating Neural Activity 151 Review Questions 163
■ SECtion SummAry 154
6 Vision
164
the Stimulus 166 Retinal Disparity 184
Color 184
Anatomy of the Visual System 167
Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex 185
The Eyes 167
Photoreceptors 169 ■ SECtion SummAry 186
Connections Between Eye and Brain 171 Analysis of Visual information:
■ SECtion SummAry 173 role of the Visual Association Cortex 187
Two Streams of Visual Analysis 187
Coding of Visual information in the retina 174
Perception of Color 190
Coding of Light and Dark 174
Perception of Form 191
Coding of Color 176
Perception of Movement 198
■ SECtion SummAry 180
Perception of Spatial Location 201
Analysis of Visual information: ■ SECtion SummAry 204
role of the Striate Cortex 181
Review Questions 206
Anatomy of the Striate Cortex 181
Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab 206
Orientation and Movement 181
Spatial Frequency 182