Physics : The First Science

385 Pages·2011·4.405 MB·English

by  Peter LINDENFELD, Suzanne White Brahmia

PHYSICS
The First Science
Peter Lindenfeld
Suzanne White Brahmia
Physics: The First Science

Physics: The First Science
Peter Lindenfeld and Suzanne White Brahmia
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
RUTGERSUNIVERSITYPRESS
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Lindenfeld,Peter.
Physics:thefirstscience/PeterLindenfeldandSuzanneWhiteBrahmia.
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Contents
Preface ix CHAPTER4
ForcesandMotion:Newton’s
AdditionalNotes,Primarilyforthe Framework 57
Instructor xi
4.1 Newton’slawsofmotion 58
Acknowledgments xv 4.2 Addingforces:vectors 62
4.3 Momentumanditsconservation:
action,reaction,andNewton’s
thirdlaw 71
CHAPTER1 4.4 Onemoremotionthatis
AtomstoStars:ScalesofSize,Energy, everywhere:rotation 77
andForce 1
4.5 Summary 81
1.1 Themicrobeandtheelephant:the 4.6 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 83
hierarchyofsize 2
CHAPTER5
1.2 Energyandstability 5
Laws and Their Limits: The Organization
1.3 Thefourforces 7
ofScientificKnowledge 90
1.4 Atomsandtheperiodictable
ofelements 8 5.1 Howdoweknow?Realityand
interpretation 91
1.5 Seeingatoms:thescanningtunneling
microscope 11 5.2 TheNewtonianmodelandits
limitations 97
1.6 Summary 12
5.3 Mechanicsandbeyond 99
1.7 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 12
5.4 Summary 100
CHAPTER2 5.5 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 101
SomeToolsoftheTrade:Numbers,
Quantities,andUnits 16 CHAPTER6
EnergyandItsConservation 103
2.1 Thelanguageofphysics:symbols
andformulas 17 6.1 Work:notalwayswhatyou
think 104
2.2 Oncemorethefourforces,thistime
quantitatively 26 6.2 Energyofmotion:kinetic
energy 105
2.3 Summary 28
6.3 Energyofposition:potential
2.4 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 28
energy 106
CHAPTER3 6.4 Frictionandthelossofmechanical
ThereIsNoRest:DescribingMotion 33 energy 113
3.1 Gettingstarted:simplificationand 6.5 Internalenergyandthelawof
approximation:models 34 conservationofenergy 116
3.2 Keepyoureyeontheball:whereis 6.6 Workandenergyrevisited 118
itandwhereisitgoing? 35 6.7 Power:notwhatthepower
3.3 Themathematicsofchange 46 companysells 125
3.4 Summary 49 6.8 Summary 125
3.5 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 49 6.9 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 126
vi / Contents
CHAPTER7 11.5 Observinginterferenceoflight 237
MaterialsandModels 135 11.6 Reflectionandrefraction 241
7.1 Idealsystemsandmodels: 11.7 WhereEinsteinstarted:
theidealgas 136 electromagnetismand
7.2 Othersystems:addingpieces relativity 247
fromreality 146 11.8 Summary 252
7.3 Summary 153 11.9 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 254
7.4 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 154
CHAPTER12
CHAPTER8 QuantumPhysics 260
Electricity:ItIsEverywhere 158
12.1 The“old”quantumphysics 261
8.1 Theelectricforce 158 12.2 Thenewsynthesis 270
8.2 Theelectricfield 160 12.3 Orderintheuniverse:
8.3 Fieldlinesandflux 165 theelements 281
8.4 Summary 171 12.4 Summary 286
8.5 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 172 12.5 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 288
CHAPTER9
CHAPTER13
MoreonElectricity:FromForcetoEnergy,
TheNucleus:HeartoftheAtom 293
fromFieldtoPotential 176
13.1 HenriBecquerel,MarieCurie,and
9.1 Electricpotentialenergyandelectric thebeginningofnuclear
potential 177 physics 294
9.2 Energytransformationsandelectric 13.2 Whatistheuniversemadeof?
circuits 187 Thestablenucleiandtheirbinding
9.3 Summary 192 energy 295
9.4 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 192 13.3 Radioactivity 298
13.4 Biologicaleffects 303
CHAPTER10
13.5 Thenuclearforce 305
Magnetism:Electricity’sTraveling
13.6 Observingradioactive
Companion 198
radiations 306
10.1 Again—force,field,and
13.7 Nuclearreactions 308
motion 199
13.8 Particles 314
10.2 Theelectron:anoldfriendturns
13.9 Summary 315
outtobetheelemental
magnet 210 13.10 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 317
10.3 Generatingelectricity:motionalemf
andFaraday’slaw 212 CHAPTER14
EnergyinCivilization 322
10.4 Summary 217
10.5 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 218 14.1 Theflowofenergy 324
14.2 Electricenergy:whatisitand
CHAPTER11 whatdoesitdoforus? 325
Waves:Mechanicaland
14.3 DCandAC:transformerand
Electromagnetic 223 generator 325
11.1 Whatisawave? 224 14.4 Energystorage 326
11.2 Whatcanwavesdo?Describing 14.5 Entropyandthesecondlawof
wavesandtheirproperties 226 thermodynamics:thelimitsof
11.3 Soundandmusicalscales 229 energytransformation 328
14.6 Ouraddictiontofossilfuels 331
11.4 Maxwell’sgreatcontribution:
electromagneticwaves 233 14.7 Othersourcesofenergy 333
Contents / vii
14.8 Summary 337 15.4 Summary 347
14.9 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 338 15.5 Reviewactivitiesandproblems 348
CHAPTER16
CHAPTER15 ThereIsNoEnd 349
AtomicPhysicsPaysOff:SolarCells,
Transistors,andtheSiliconAge 339
15.1 Therealsolid:metals,insulators,and
Bibliography 351
semiconductors 340
15.2 Tinychangesandvastconsequences: SomeConstants,AstronomicalQuantities,
impuritiesinsemiconductors 342 andMasses 353
15.3 Thetransistorandtheinformation
revolution 344 Index 355
ToLore,whosawthisbookcometolife,
andwasthefirsttolistentosomeofitspassages.
Preface
Theworldisawonderfulplace.Ouraimisthat and “Synthesis problems and projects.” For
workingwiththisbookwillhelpyoutobemore simplicityallquantitiesintheexamplesandother
aware of it than you were before and to see it questions are assumed to be known to three
morefully, boththeaspectsthatarevisibleand figuresunlessotherwisenoted.
thosethatarehidden. Aparticularlyinterestingfeatureconsistsof
Let’slookatthedifferentpartsofthisbook. thesimulationsthathavebeendevelopedatthe
First there is the text. We hope that you find it University of Colorado. They give you an even
clear,interesting,andsometimessurprising.We closerlookatthephenomenathatarediscussed
wantthistobeabookthatyouread.Inbetween in the text. In most of them you are asked to
the narrative passages are the examples. They makespecificmeasurements,butinadditionthey
turn the words into action. They are essential invite free explorations that take the concepts
parts of the book, and it is very important that further.
youreadandstudythemcarefully.Eachexample Weshouldsayalittleaboutthemath.That’s
hasquestions,usuallywithnumbersandquanti- the language of physics, and it is important to
ties.Workingthroughthemisnotdifficultsince knowhowtouseit.Wedon’texpectyoutocome
theanswersaretheretoo. knowingmorethanyoulearnedinhighschool.
Youmightthinkthatleavesnothingforyou Buttheremaybewaysofusingmaththatarenew
todo.That’swherethe“GuidedReview”comes toyou,andsymbolsthataredifferentfromthose
in. There is one at the end of each chapter. For thatyouareusedto.Weexplainthemaswego
eachexampleinthetextthereisaGuidedReview along.Wedon’tusecalculusintheproblems,but
question that is closely related to it. The idea is wetalkabouttheideasofcalculuswheretheyare
that as you think about the question at the end helpful.
of the chapter you will go back to the example Theimportantpartoflearningphysicsisnot
that goes with it and study it more closely, and tomemorizefactsandformulas. Itis, rather, to
alsoreadandrereadthepartofthetextthatgoes approach and analyze unfamiliar situations. It
withit. useswaysofthinkingthatareaccessibletoevery-
Theotherquestionsattheendofthechap- one. The study of physics can be frustrating at
tersareforreview,andtoletyoutryouttheideas times, but also exhilarating and rewarding. We
andthedifferentwaysoffindinganswers.Some hopethatyouwillfindittobeanadventurethat
of them also take the story further. They are enriches your view of the world. There may be
groupedinsectionscalled“Problemsandreason- hardworkahead,butwewantyoutoenjoythe
ingskillbuilding,”“Multiplechoicequestions,” tripthatwetaketogether!