Physics for the Technician

644 Pages·1980·11.649 MB·English

by  L. Zhdanov

L. Zhdanov
physics
for the Technician
Mir Publishers Moscow

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for theTechnician
by L.S. Zhdanov
Translated from the Russian
by Mark Samokhvalov, Cand. Sc.
Mir Publishers
Moscow
First published 1980
Revised from the 1977 Russian edition
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© English translation, Mir Publishers, 1980
5
CONTENTS
FOREWORD 15
Introduction
1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND
THEIR MEASUREMENT 18
What is Physics? Physics and Technology. A Quantity and Its
Measurement. Physical Quantities. Direct and Indirect Measure­
ments. Measurement of Angles in Astronomy. Measuring Dis­
tances to Celestial Bodies by the Parallax Method. Units
of Time and Their Relation to Earth's Motion. Units of
Measurement from Formulae. The International System of
Units. Treatment of Data. Combining Errors. Density of Sub­
stance,
Heat and Molecular Physics part one
1 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF KINETIC THEORY
OF MATTER 36
First Principles of Kinetic Theory. Concept of Temperature.
DiSusion. Forces of Molecular Interaction. Kinetic and Poten­
tial Energies of Molecules. Concept of Internal Energy. Prob­
ability of an Event. The Statistical Method.
3 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 47
The Gaseous State. Brownian Motion. Measuring Molecular
Speeds. Distribution of Molecular Speeds. Mass and Size of Mol-
CONTENTS
ecules and Atoms. Avogadro and Loschmidt Numbers. Mean
Free Path. Gaseous Pressure. Pressure Gauges. Kinetic Cal­
culation of the Pressure. Vacuum.
4 THE IDEAL GAS 61
Properties of Ideal Gas. Change of Gaseous Pressure with Tem­
perature at Constant Volume. Absolute Zero. Thermodynamic
Temperature Scale. Relation of Temperature to Kinetic Energy
of Gas Molecules.
5 IDEAL-GAS EQUATION OF STATE 68
Thermodynamic Properties. Combined Gas Law. Universal
Gas Constant. The Ideal-Gas Law. Dependence of Root-Mean-
Square Speed of Gas Molecules on Temperature. Isochoric Pro­
cess. Isobaric Process. Isothermal Process. Internal Energy of
Ideal Gas. Work Performed by Gas.
6 INTERNAL ENERGY 80
Internal Energy and the Surroundings. Heat Exchange. Types
of Heat Exchange. Changing Internal Energy by Means of Work.
Relation of Internal Energy to State of Matter.
7 QUANTITY OF HEAT 86
The Measurement of Heat. Changing Internal Energy by Heat­
ing or Cooling. Heat of Combustion. The Law of Heat Exchange.
8 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY.
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 91
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat. Conservation of Energy in Me­
chanics. The Law of Conservation of Energy. The First Law ol
Thermodynamics. Some Applications of the First Law of Ther­
modynamics. Adiabatic Process. Some Ideas on Stellar Struc­
ture.
9 CHANGE OF STATE 101
Vapourization and Condensation. Evaporation. Heat of Va­
pourization.
CONTENTS
10 PROPERTIES OF VAPOUR. BOILING 105
Nonsaturated and Saturated Vapours. Properties of Saturated
Vapour. Properties of Nonsaturated Vapour. The Boiling Pro­
cess. Dependence of Boiling Temperature on External Pressure.
Boiling Point. The Law of Heat Exchange for Vapourization
and Condensation. Superheated Steam and Its Use in Technology.
Critical State of Substance. Liquefaction of Gases.
11 WATER VAPOUR IN THE ATMOSPHERE 118
Humidity. Absolute and Relative Humidities. Measuring Hu­
midity. The Atmosphere of Planets.
12 THE LIQUID STATE 122
What Is a Liquid? The Surface Layer of a Liquid. Surface Ten­
sion. Measuring Surface Tension. Wetting. The Shape of Liquid
Surfaces. Capillarity. Viscosity. Newton’s Law of Fluid Fric­
tion. Amorphous Substances.
13 THE SOLID STATE 137
What Is a Solid? Crystalline Anisotropy. Types of Crystals.
Types of Deformation. Stress. Elasticity, Plasticity, Brittleness
and Hardness. Hooke’s Law. Energy of a Body Under Elastic
Deformation.
14 CHANGE OF STATE—II 151
Fusion and Crystallization. Specific Heat of Fusion. Changes in
Volume and Density During Fusion and Solidification. Pressure
Dependence of Temperature of Fusion and Heat of Fusion. The
Law of Heat Exchange for Fusion and Crystallization. Solutions
and Alloys. Sublimation. Phase Diagrams. Triple Point.
15 THERMAL EXPANSION 161
Basic Facts About Thermal Expansion. Linear Expansion. Vo­
lume Expansion of Heated Bodies. Thermal Expansion of Sol­
ids. Thermal Expansion of Liquids. Thermal Expansion in
Nature and Technology.
8 CONTENTS
part two Electricity and Magnetism
16 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF THE ELECTRON THEORY
OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE. COULOMB'S LAW 168
Electrification of Bodies. The Concept of an Electric Charge.
The Complex Nature of the Atomic Structure. Rutherford’s
Experiment and the Nuclear Idea. The Atomic Structure of
Chemical Elements. Electrification by Contact, interaction
Between Electric Charges. Coulomb’s Law. The Permittivityjof
a Medium. SI Units in Electricity. Gaussian Units in Electro­
statics. The Electroscope.
17 THE ELECTRIC FIELD 179
Electric Field as a Special Form of Matter. The Electric Field
Strength. Electric Field and Lines of Force. The Homogeneous
Electric Field. Work Done by an Electric Field in Moving a
Charge. Electric Potentialjand Potential Difference. Relation
Between Electric Field Strength and Voltage. A conductor in
an Electric Field. The Electrometer. A Dielectric in an Electric
Field. Ferroelectrics. The Piezoelectric Effect. Capacitance.
Factors That Determine Capacitance. Capacitors. Combinations
of Capacitors in Parallel and in Series. The Energy of a Charged
Capacitor. Millikan’s Experiment.
18 ELECTRIC CURRENT IN METALS. DIRECT-CURRENT
CIRCUITS 210
Charge Carriers and Electric Current. Current and Current Den­
sity. The Ammeter, the Voltmeter and the Galvanometer. Closed
Electric Circuit. Electromotive Force of a Power Source. Ex­
ternal and Internal Sections of a Circuit.J Ohm s Law for a Sec­
tion of a Circuit Without EMF. Dependence of Resistance on
Conductor’s Material, Length and Cross Section. The Tempera­
ture Dependence of Resistance. Superconductivity. Ecruivalent
Resistance. Electric Power Consumers in Series. Electric Power
Consumers in Parallel. Ohm’s Law for a Complete Circuit. Com*
binations of Cells. Ohm’s Law in General Form,
19 ELECTRIC POWER, WORK AND HEAT LOSS 232
Electric Current and Work. Power in a Direct Current Circuit.
Heating Effects of Current. Relatio of Resistance to Heating
| Effect. t