Physics for the IB Diploma 5th Edition (OCRed) PDF
Preview Physics for the IB Diploma 5th Edition (OCRed)
K.A .T sokos Physics for the 1BD iploma Fifth edition K.A .T sokos HCAMBRIDGE • UNIVERSITl'YR ESS · i CAMBRIDGE UNJVEPR.iU:SSnSY CambriNdegwYe o,r Mke.l bouMrnaed.r Caipde,T ownS.i ngaSpoaProae u.lD oe,l l1i CambriUdngiev ePrrseistsy ThEed inbuBrugihl dCianmgb.r iCdlg8leR2 U U.K www.cambridge.org Jnfoou0a1tt1ih oitusi t wlwew:. cambridge.org/9780521708203 Firssetc.o3 nldtl hdi erddi t©i KoAn sTsok1o9s91 89.9 290,0 1 Fouretdhi t©i Coanm briUdngiev ePrrsei2st0sy0 5 Fifetdhi tOi Coanm briUdngiev ePrrsei2st0sy0 2 50.0 8 Thipsu bliciaistn ci oopny rSiugbhjtte.osc tta tuetxocreyp tion antdo t hper oviosfri eolnescv oalnlte Lcitcie.vuaesg irnege. ments, nor eproduocfat nipyoa nrm ta yt akpel awciet hUo1uwetr itten permisosfCi aomnb riUd1gtei vPerressist.y Firpsutb libsyKh A.e d T sok1o9s9 8 Secoenddi t1i9o9n9 Thierddi t2i0o0u1 Fouretdhi tpiuobnl ibsyCh aedm briUdngiev ePrrsei2st0sy0 5 Fifetdhi t2i0o0n8 4tphr in2t0in0g8 Prinit;te,hdU e n itKeidn gdaottm h Uen ivePrrseiCstasym. b ridge Ac atalrogeucefo ordtr h piusb licIasa' vo1iolnof brlotemh Ber llliisblr1a ry ISB9N7 8-0-521p-a7p0e8r2b0a-c3k CambriUdngiev ePrrseihstasyns o r esponsfiotbrhi pele irtsyi sotre nce accuroafclylRLsf oerx teorrnt ahli rd-Ipnatretwreynbe sti rteefse rno1i n! d thipsu blicaantddi ooennso, gt u aratnhtaaetnec y o ntoenns tu cwhe bsiitse.s orw ir1c1. raucaciuuro.ra a tpep ropIrnifoartmea.rt eigoanr pdriincugect sv.e l timer.a.nadbo tlhefesar c ti..unaflo angaitviieontnn h iwso rakr <:eo rractc 't thtei moeff i.rpsrti nbtuiCroa gm briUdngiev ePrrseidstosyen so gtu arantee thaec curoafsc uyci hn formtahtciuoena fter. 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Bettm:mn2J5CR6Oe RuBt2Je7SrS6:sh :eT ielrar yJPShcoilteionb cr3ea1R r5iy c;h Maergdn a/Science PhoItJob r4a0(r0Fy r:a Snicmio4-0sn3 () S,e Coglrlce c5t2i6o7Mn2,)(S .P hyTsoidCcaosyl lection) AroclI'nisctoaifPnt h uytsei csPjhSoLctiiobe ro4ac6re4Ry (o:1b )Ce. erntd 1erP/hSocLtiloeb .nr•c;a1er6 y4:( r) JohWna J.shJPShcoilteJoob cra4er9 y52:3, 5A cn glo-AOubssterravlairaMonar lyTi/mnOa agSve3is5bd:a , NOAO/SPchiocLtnlocb er7 .u3S-3ty a:n UfnoerAadcr c elCee1n-tac-.rt/oSPrch ioLctinobc r7ca3 r?CyaE: R N PHOT.OP/r ePdi�treihe'1 1/Sy?g317Dnbaa vP/iaCdrO kRellrl/PSSh:co Litieobn r7ca4eCr1 oy r:o 'l'nuwdyo r Jones/UonfBi ivremrisniglh)a'Pm h/oSLtcioib er7na4cCr2eEy R;N fSPdheonLtcloeb r7:4Ku7ly a:u s GuldbrandPehno/ltSiodb ernacrey Contents Preface xi 2.2M otiwointc ho nstant An otteoL hree ader xii accele-rCaotrieo n 48 Acceleration 48 ParIt C oraen AdH L 1 Measusrpienaegnd ad c celeration 54 . Moroeng raphs TopiPch ysaincdps h ysical 56 1: measurement 2 2.3T hceo ncoeffp otr -cCeo re 63 Foracnetdsh ediirr ection 64 1.1T h1e; eoafpl hmy s-iCcosr e 2 Hooklea'ws 67 Ordeorfms a gniatnu1ddU en its 2 Fundameinnttaelr actions 5 2.4N ewtofni'rlssa -twC ore 69 Newtofni'rlssa tw 1.2U ncertaainnedtr ire-oCsro sr e 69 8 Equilibrium Erroofmr esa surement 70 8 Signifdiicgaintst 11 2.5N ewtosne'csoa nndd Linoefb esfti r thilradw- Cso re 12 76 Newtosne'csol nadw 77 1.3M athemaatnigdcr aalp hical 11i1nec lpilnaende techni-Cqourees 14 82 Newtotnh'iJsra dw Multiplcihcaantgievse 83 14 Straigghrta-plhisn e 15 Linemaorm ent-uCmo re 2.6 87 Gettail nign geraarp h Thceo ncoefmp otm entum 16 87 Interpgrreatpihnsg Impulse 17 89 SinCel lNeS Thlea owfc onserovfa tion 18 Makiansgs umptions momentum 91 18 Prooofmf o mentcuomn servation Vectaonrdss c al-Caorrse 93 1.4 21 Twoi-clm ensicoonlalli sions 95 Vectors 21 Multiploifacv aetci·toboanysr c ala2r2 2.7W orekn.e ragnypd ow-eCro re 99 Additoifvo enc tors 22 Wordko nbeya f orce 99 Subtraocfvt eicotno rs 24 Gravitpaottieonnetanilea rlg y 102 Compotnosef anv ector 25 Thweo rk-keinneertrgieycl atio1n0 3 1.5Gr aphaincaallay nsdi s Conservaotfe inoenr gy 104 uncerta-Cionrtei es 31 Frictfioorncaels 107 Logariftwh1mcitci ons 31 Power 108 Propagoafet riroonr s Kineetniecra gnymd o mennim 110 33 Thper obolfel me atsiem e 112 Top2i:Mc e chanics 38 Circmuoltair- oCno re 119 2.8 Kinemcaotnicce- Cpotrse Circmuoltairao nncd e ntripetal 2.1 38 Displacaenmvdee nlto city acceleration 119 38 Framoefrs e ference Centrifpoertcaels 42 122 Grapfhousrn jfmoortmi on 44 Angumloamre nrum 123 ivC ontents 2.9T hlea owfg ravit-Caotrieo n 127 4.2T ravellicnhga-rwaacvt-eeC roirse2t 1i6cs Newtolnao'wsfg ravitation1 27 Whaitas w ave? 216 Gravitaftiiesoltndra eln gth 129 Transvelrosneg iatnwudad viensa2 l1 7 Wavpeu lses 218 2.1P0r ojemcottii-loAenH L 132 Travelling waves 218 Parabmooltiico n 132 Wavefronts 224 Launactah na rbitarnagrlye 134 Effoefac itrr e sisftoarnccees 138 4.3W avpeh enomIer:ne afl ection and refra-cCtoiroen 2.1M1o tiionang ravitafitei-lAodHn La1 l4 2 228 TIp1rei ncoifspu lpee rpositi2o2n8 Gravitpaottieonnetanilea rlg y 143 Refleacntrdie ofrna cotfwi aovne s2 31 Escavpeel ocity 145 Huygepnrsi'n ciple 234 Orbimtoatli on 146 Equipotenlial surf1a4c9e s Wavpeh enomIe.dnIia:ff racatnido n 4.4 Thbei nasrtya r system 151 interf-eCroernec e 238 Diffraction 238 Top3iT:ch ermal proofmp aetrtt1ei5r8e s Interference 240 3.1T hermcaoln ce-Cpotrse 158 4.5T hDe oppler- AeHfLf e/c t Temperature 158 SLO ptiAo n 244 Heaatse nergy 159 ThDeo ppelfefre ct 244 11a1teo mic omfmo adtetle r 160 4.6S tandwianvg-eA sH LS/LO ptiAo n2 51 3.2T hermparlo pe-rCtoirees 163 Standwianvge ss tornia nngtdsu be2s5 1 Spechiefacitac p acity 163 Resonaanntdch ese p eoefsd o und2 55 Chanogfse t ate 165 4.7D iffra-AcHt!/iS. oLOn p tiAo n 259 Measusrpiencghi efaitcs 167 Diffraction 259 Evaporation 168 Singldei-fsflriatc tion 261 Thkei netthiecoo rfgy a ses 169 Resol-uAtHi/LoS nLO ptiAo n 267 3.3I deal -AgHaLs es 174 4.8 ·nR1ea ylcerigiht erion 267 Pressure 174 ThBeo yle-Mlaarwi otte 175 4.9P olari-zAaHt!/iS. oLO n p tiAo n 271 Thveo lume-temllpaewr atu1r7e6 Whaitps olarization? 271 Thper essure-tleamwp era1t7u7r e Ma.lluasw' s 272 Theeq uatoifso tna te 178 Polarainzaden rasl ysers 273 Polaribzyra etfiloenc tion 274 Thermody-nAaHmLi cs 183 3.4 Optiaccatli vity 275 Inteernnaelr gy 183 Practical oafp plications Wordko noeno rb yag as 185 polarization 276 ·mfier sltao wft hermodynam1i8c7s Thsee colnadowf t hermodyna1m8i8c s Moroent hsee colnadw 192 Top5i:c Elecatnrmdia cginteyt is2m8 0 5.1E lecdt1rair-cgC eo re 280 Top4i:Oc s cillaantwdia ovness 195 Propeorfet lieecsct htaircg e 280 Coulolmabfw'o str h eeJ ecftotricc2e 8 5 4.1S imphlaer momnoitci -oCno re 195 Oscillations 195 5.2E lecfiterlaidnc ed l ectric Kinemoafst iimcpshl aer momnoitci o1n9 6 poten-tCoirael 289 Enerignsy i mphlaer momnoitci on2 04 Elecftireilcd 289 Damping 207 Elecptortiecn tial 292 Forcoesdc illaantrdie osnosn anc2e0 8 Theel ectronvolt 295 Contevn ts Elecfiterlaidcn e dl ectric ThReu thermfoodreodflt la1teo m 5.3 369 poten-tAiHaLl ThBeo hmro del 299 369 Elecfai·eilcd s Nudesatrr ucture 299 370 Elecptortiecna tnieda nle rgy Thfeo rwcietsh tilnn1u ec leus 300 371 Equipotseunrtfiaacle s 304 Radioac-Ctoirvei ty 6.2 373 11c1oen necbteitownee leenc tric Thnea tuorfae l phbae,ta an d potenatniedal le cftireilcd 305 ga.mmar adiations 373 Similabreitwteieeelnse ctricity Radioadcetceiaqvyue a tions 376 angdr avitation 306 11J1aeow fr adioadcetciavye 377 Eleccturrircae nnedtl ectric 5.4 Nuclreeaarc t-iCoonrse 6.3 380 resis-tCaonrcee 310 Thuen ifmiaesudsn it 380 Eleccturrirce nt 310 Thmea sdse faencbdti ndeinnegr gy 381 Elecrtersiics tance 312 Nuclreeaarc tions 384 Elecptorwiecr 314 Nuclfiesasri on 385 Nuclfuesairo n 5.5E lecctirricc-u Ciotrse 318 385 Emf• Interaocfmt aitotnwesir t b 318 6.4 Simpellee cctirriccw ts 320 ener-AgHLy /S IO.p tiBo n 389 Amm etearnsvd o trnle ters 325 Thpeh otoeleefcftecrti c 389 Sensboarssoe ndt lp1oet ential DeB rogwlaivee'lse ngth 394 divider 327 Quanttulm1 eaonrtdyb u en certainty 6.5 Magneftiiec-lC dosr e princ-iApHLl/Se IO .p tiBo n 5.6 336 398 Magneftiiecl d Atomsipce ctra 336 398 Thmea gneftoiroccn ae c urrent Ti·leet ecitnar b oonxm· o del 338 399 TIm1aeg nefotricocen a TIS1cel u-otdhienogreyr 400 movicnhga rge '!Hbeei senubencregr tpariinnryc iple 339 402 0rstdeids'cso very 341 Nuclrp ehays-iAcHsL/S IO.p tiBo n 6.6 407 Thfeo rbceet wteweon Scatgte exrpienriamneddni tsst ance current-wciarrersy ing 343 ofc losaepsptr oach 407 5.7E lectromiangdnuect-tAFTI.ii co n 350 Tbmea sssp ectrometer 408 Aw irmeo viinnag m agneftiiecl d3 50 Betdae caanytd h 1e1 terui no 409 Faradlaayw' s 351 Nucleenaerrl gye vels 410 lenlza·ws 354 11r1aed ioadcetcliaavywe 411 Faraddaiys·cs 356 TopicE nerpgyo,w earn dc limate 7: 5.8A lterncautrirn-eAgnH tL 360 cbange 415 ThAeC g enerator 360 Enerdgeyg radaantpdio owne r PowieniA ·Cc ircuits 7.1 361 genernt-Cioorue Thter ansformer 415 363 Degradaotfei noenr gy Transfoarnmpdeo rwse r 415 Elecapircoidtuyc tion transmission 417 365 Enersgoyu rces 417 FosIfs uie ls TopicA tomaincdn uclpeahry sics 418 6: 367 Nuclpeoawre r 420 Thaet oamn idt nsu cl-eCuosr e Solpaorw er 6.1 367 423 Thdei scoovfte lrnlyue c laetaorm Hydroelpeocwterri c 367 425 Consequoeftn hcReeu st herford Winpdo wer 427 (G.,ig.,re-xMpaercsidmeenn)t Wavpeo wer 368 428 viCo ntents 'lg1r1ee enheofufsaeenc dgt l obal AS Resol-uStLi on 481 72 warm-iCnogr e 434 A6 Polari-zSaLt ion 481 Thbel ackl-abwo dy 434 SLO ptiBo nQ- uantpuhmy sics Solraard iation 436 Thger eenheoffuescet 438 81 Quantpuhmy s-iScLs 482 Globwaalr ming 444 82 Nuclpehayrs -iScLs 482 Selae vel 447 Effeocfgt lso wbaalr mionncg l ima4t4e8 SLO ptiCo nD- igitteaclh nology Top8i:cD igitteaclh nology Cl Analoagnuddei gital sign-aSlLs 483 8.1A naloagnuddej gital- AsHi/Lg nals SLO ptiCo Sn/La nHdL O ptiFo n4 54 C2 Datcaa ptaunridem aguisnig ng Binanruym bers 454 CCDs-SL 483 Analogudei gaisntidag ln :als 455 C3 mectroSrLu cs - 484 Compadcits ks 458 C4 Thmeo bile spyhsot-neSemL 484 Othsetro rdaegvei ces 459 Advantoafdg iegsis ttaolr age 461 SLO ptiDo- nR elatainvdpi atryt icle Digiitmaalg iwnitgch h arge-coupled 82 physics devi-cAeHsL/S LO ptiCo n 463 D1 Introdtuocrt eiloant- iSvLi ty 485 Capacitance 463 '!cbhea rge-dceovuipclee d 464 D2 Conceapntpdso stuolfas pteecsi al CCDi n1acghianrga cterist4i6c6s relatyt iS-vLi 485 MediucsaeolsfC CDs 467 03 Relatkiivniesmtia-cSti Lc s 485 PartI OIp tions 471 D4 Partiacnlde si nte-rSaLc tio4n8s6 TIc1oen toefn tO ptio(nesx cAe-pDt Quar-kSsL 486 OS OptioAnli )is d entitchaailtnt hteo appropcrhiaapittnete hrCe o raen d SLa ndH LO ptiEo nA- sotprhysics AHL matteowr hiiatclhh.re e adiesr' Introdutcott ihoen ur-uSvLe rse refer(rdeedt aarigeJi svi entn h tee xt). El an1-{Ld 487 Thseo lsayrs tem 487 SLO ptio-nS iAg ahntdw avpeh enomena Beyotnhdse o lsayrs tem 489 Al Theey aen sd ig-hStL 472 Thmeo tiooftn h set ars 491 Thset rucotftu hrheue m aeny e 472 Depotfhv ision 473 E2 Stelrlaadri a-tSiLao unHd L 494 Accommodation 474 Theen ersgoyu rocfse t ars 494 Scotopic avnids ipohno to4p7i4c Luminosity 495 Colour 475 Blackr-abdoidayt ion 496 Colobulri ndness 476 Stelslpaerc tra 498 Coloaudrd ition 476 ThHee rtzsprundgi-aRgursasm4e 9U9 Colosuurb traction 477 Typoefs stars 500 Perceopftc ioolnoa wnl·d i ght 478 E3 Stelolbajre- cStLas n HdL 506 A2 ThDeo ppelfefr-e ScLt 480 TIp1aer amleltahxo d 506 Absolaunatdpe p armeangtn itud5e0s7 A3 Standwianv-geS sL 480 Spectroscopic para5l1l0a x A4 Diffrac-tSiLo n 480 ThCee pheids 511 Contents vii E4 Cosmo-lSoLga ynHdL 514 F4 Channoefcl osm munic-aStLi on Olbeprasr'a dox 514 anHdL 574 Theex panudniinvge rse 516 Coppweirr es 574 The Big cBraenagoti:fo s npt ahcee Wirpea irs 575 antdi me 517 Coaxciaabll es 575 TId1eev eloopftm heuenn ti vers5e1 7 Optfiicb res 575 Radwiaov es 576 ES Stellar -eEvxotleuntHsiLio onn 5 21 Microtwraavnes mtihsrsoiu.gohn Nucleosynthesis 521 fresep ace 577 Evolutpiaotnahansrsd yt ellar Sateclolniltmeu nication5s7 8 processes 525 Pulsaanrqdsu asars 529 F5 Electr-EoxntiecnsHs Li on 584 Thoep erataimopnlai(lfo ipe-ra m5p8)4 E6 Ga.l-aExxiteesn HsLi on 533 Thneo n-inverting am5p8l8i fier Typoefgs a laxy 533 .Reshdaipgiipntugal l-st ehse Galamcottiico n 536 Schmtirtitg ger 590 Hubbllea'ws 537 TIe1veo luotfti hoen F6 Thmeo biplheo ne universe 539 syst-eEmx tenHsLi on 596 SLa ndH LO ptiFo-nC ommunicationSsL a ndH LO ptiGo -nE lectromagnetic waves F1 Radcioom munic-SaLt ion anHdL 544 Gl Lig-hStLa nHdL 598 Modulation 544 Thsep eoefld i ght 598 Amplimtoudduel a(tAiMo)n 546 Electromwaagvneest ic 599 Frequmeondcuyl a(tFiMo)n 548 PropeorfEt Miw easv es 601 1blea ser CompaAMr ainnFMdg 603 550 ThAeM r adrieoc eiver 550 G2 Optiicnaslt ru-mSeLn taHsnL d 607 F2 Analoagnuddei gital SsLi gnals -Lenses 607 anHdL 554 Optiicnaslt ruments 617 Binanruym bers 554 Lenasb el"l'lltions 620 Analoagnuddei gital sign5a5l4s G3 Interfaenrddei nffrcaec t-ion Birta otfead igistiagln al 554 ExtenHsLi on 624 Thter ansmainsrdse icoenp otfi on Two-soiunrtceer ference 624 digistiagln als 557 Yountgw'os- esxlpietr iment 626 Timdei vimsuilotni plexing5 58 Intenisnti wtoy-i snltietr fere6n2c8e Thaed vantadgiegsi toafl Multipdlief-fsrlaictt ion 629 communication 558 Thdei ffragcrtaitoinn g 631 P3 Optfiicb re transmission - SL G4 X-r-ayEsx tension l{L6 34 anHdL 562 TIp1reo ducotfXi -orna ys 634 Totianlt errneafll ection 562 X-rdaiyf fraction 635 Optificbarle s 564 Dispersion 565 GS Thin-ifnitlemr f-eErxetnecnes ion Attenuation 567 HL 640 Detection 569 Paraflillemls 640 Noise 570 Thianiw re dges 641 Regeneration 571 Measus1m·aidlnilgs tances 642 viCioin tents HIO.p tiHo nS- pecainadl Radiaitnmi eodni c-RiLn e 712 13 genecrealla tivity Bioloegfifceoacfrlt a sd iation anddo simetry 712 Al The prionfsc piepcliea l Radiatthieorna py 716 relat-iHvli ty 644 Framoefrs e ference 645 J- HLO ptionP at·tpihdyes ics Tosep eoefld i ght 647 Thper incoifsp pleecr iea'lla tiv6i4c8y Jl Pairctlaensid n tera-cHtli ons7 18 Partaincadln eptsai r ticles H2 Theef feocfst pse criealla t-iHvLi ty 718 652 TIe1lee menptaarrtyi cles Timdei lation 719 652 Quantnuumm bers Length contraction 720 657 Antiparticles Additoifvo enl ocities 720 659 Spin 721 Consequoefan ncedev si dence for ThHee isenubnecregr tainty H3 specriealla tHivLi ty - princfiotpril meae n edn ergy 663 722 Relatievniesrtgiyc Virtpuaarlt icles 663 723 Evid6fIoslrpc eecr iealla tivity Interaacntedix ocnhsap nagret icles 666 723 TIM1iec helsone-xMpoerrliemye nt Feynmdaina grams 667 725 The conosftt hasenp ceyoe fd Threa nge ionft earna ction 728 Light 669 Detecatnoadrc sc ele-rHaLt ors J2 731 H4 Relativisti-cH Im.e cha6n7i1c s 11n1eee fodrh igehn ergies 731 Momennainrned n ergy Resolution 732 (momenergy) 671 Accelerators 733 Ap oianbto ut units 673 Synchrroatdrioant ion 738 Afr eeel ecctatnonnao bts orb Availeanbelreg y 738 (oerm iatp )h oton 674 Detectors 740 Quaraknsld e pt-oHnls HS Generrealla t-iHvLi ty 677 J3 746 Thper incoifep qluei valence Hadr-obnasr yaonnmdse sons 746 677 'Itbees otfgs e nerrealla tivit6y8 0 Barynounm ber 748 Strangeness Thset rucoUftI hJ"teeh eory 748 682 Thsep ionfh adrons Blahcokl es 683 749 Colour Timdei laitngie onnel r•a 749 Gluons relativity 750 685 Confinement 751 Thien terabcettiwnoeunec nl eons HLO ptiIo- nB iomedpihcyasli cs 752 Quarlkesp.t aonntdsh set andard 11 Thfeu nctiooftn hien g-el:fL a r 690 model 752 TIe1ae1 · 690 Leptnounm ber 753 Intenosfi tys ound 693 ThHei gpgasr ticle 753 Heardienfge cts 697 J4 Experimeevnitdaeflno cre Medilic maa.g-iHnLg thset andmaordde-H lL 12 700 758 Propeorfrt aideisa tion Gell-·Mpsar nend iocftt hieo n 700 X-riamya ging omega-minus 702 758 Othiemra gLiencgl miques Thdei reevcitd efonqrcu ea rks 705 758 Ultrasound A�ymptotic freedom 707 761 z• Diagnuossetiscr aodfi oactive Thdei scoovfte hreya nd sources neutctuarlr ents 709 761 Contie�n ts JS Cosmolaongysd t ri-nHgLs 3 Astronodmaitcaa l 780 764 n1Beo ltzmeaqnuna tion 764 4 Somiem pormtaatnhte matical Mattaenrad n timatre.r 765 results 781 Strings 766 5 Nobperli wzien nienrp sh ysics 782 Physainctdsh teh eoorfy Answetroqs u estions 788 knowle(dTgO-eK)S La nHdL 770 Glossoafsr eyl etcetremds 819 Appendices 1 Physciocnaslt ants Index 777 832 2 Massoefes l emeanntds seleicstoetdo pes 778
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