Physics for scientists and engineers

1382 Pages·2004·38.861 MB·English

by  Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett

Physics for Scientists and Engineers (with PhysicsNOW and InfoTrac)
Raymond A. Serway - Emeritus, James Madison University
John W. Jewett - California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
ISBN 0534408427
1296 pages Case Bound 8 1/2 x 10 7/8
Thomson Brooks/Cole © 2004; 6th Edition
This best-selling, calculus-based text is recognized for its carefully
crafted, logical presentation of the basic concepts and principles of
physics. PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS, Sixth Edition, maintains
the Serway traditions of concise writing for the students, carefully
thought-out problem sets and worked examples, and evolving educational
pedagogy. This edition introduces a new co-author, Dr. John Jewett,
at Cal Poly – Pomona, known best for his teaching awards and his role
in the recently published PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS, Third Edition, also
written with Ray Serway. Providing students with the tools they need
to succeed in introductory physics, the Sixth Edition of this
authoritative text features unparalleled media integration and a newly
enhanced supplemental package for instructors and students!
Features
A GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY is outlined early in the text. This strategy
provides a series of steps similar to those taken by professional physicists in
solving problems. This problem solving strategy is integrated into the Coached
Problems (within PhysicsNow) to reinforce this key skill.
A large number of authoritative and highly realistic WORKED EXAMPLES promote
interactivity and reinforce student understanding of problem-solving techniques.
In many cases, these examples serve as models for solving end-of-chapter problems.
The examples are set off from the text for ease of location and are given titles
to describe their content. Many examples include specific references to the
GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY to illustrate the underlying concepts and methodology
used in arriving at a correct solution. This will help students understand the logic
behind the solution and the advantage of using a particular approach to solve the
problem. About one-third of the WORKED EXAMPLES include new WHAT IF? extensions.
CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLES include detailed reasoning statements to help students learn
how to think through physical situations. A concerted effort was made to place
more emphasis on critical thinking and teaching physical concepts in this new edition.
Both PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES and HINTS help students approach homework assignments
with greater confidence. General strategies and suggestions are included for solving
the types of problems featured in the worked examples, end-of-chapter problems, and
PhysicsNow. This feature helps students identify the essential steps in solving
problems and increases their skills as problem solvers.
END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS – An extensive set of problems is included at the end of
each chapter. Answers to odd-numbered problems are given at the end of the book.
For the convenience of both the student and instructor, about two thirds of the
problems are keyed to specific sections of the chapter. All problems have been
carefully worded and have been checked for clarity and accuracy. Solutions to
approximately 20 percent of the end-of-chapter problems are included in the Student
Solutions Manual and Study Guide. These problems are identified with a box around the
problem number.
Serway and Jewett have a clear, relaxed writing style in which they carefully define
new terms and avoid jargon whenever possible. The presentation is accurate and precise.
The International System of units (SI) is used throughout the book. The U.S. customary
system of units is used only to a limited extent in the problem sets of the early chapters
on mechanics.
Table of Contents
Part I: MECHANICS 1
1. Physics and Measurement. 2
Standards of Length, Mass, and Time.
Matter and Model Building.
Density and Atomic Mass.
Dimensional Analysis.
Conversion of Units.
Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations.
Significant Figures.
2. Motion in One Dimension 23
Position, Velocity, and Speed.
Instantaneous Velocity and Speed.
Acceleration.
Motion Diagrams.
One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration.
Freely Falling Objects.
Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus.
General Problem-Solving Strategy.
3. Vectors. 58
Coordinate Systems.
Vector and Scalar Quantities.
Some Properties of Vectors.
Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors.
4. Motion in Two Dimensions 77
The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors.
Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration.
Projectile Motion.
Uniform Circular Motion.
Tangential and Radial Acceleration.
Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration.
5. The Laws of Motion 111
The Concept of Force.
Newton's First Law and Inertial Frames.
Mass.
Newton's Second Law.
The Gravitational Force and Weight.
Newton's Third Law.
Some Applications of Newton's Laws.
Forces of Friction.
6. Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton's Laws 150
Newton's Second Law Applied to Uniform Circular Motion.
Nonuniform Circular Motion. Motion in Accelerated Frames.
Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces.
Numerical Modeling in Particle Dynamics.
7. Energy and Energy Transfer 181
Systems and Environments.
Work Done by a Constant Force.
The Scalar Product of Two Vectors.
Work Done by a Varying Force.
Kinetic Energy and the Work--Kinetic Energy Theorem.
The Non-Isolated System--Conservation of Energy.
Situations Involving Kinetic Friction.
Power.
Energy and the Automobile.
8. Potential Energy 217
Potential Energy of a System.
The Isolated System--Conservation of Mechanical Energy.
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces. Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative
Forces.
Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy.
Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System.
9. Linear Momentum and Collisions 251
Linear Momentum and Its Conservation.
Impulse and Momentum.
Collisions in One Dimension.
Two-Dimensional Collisions.
The Center of Mass.
Motion of a System of Particles.
Rocket Propulsion.
10. Rotation of a Rigid Object about a Fixed Axis 292
Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration.
Rotational Kinematics: Rotational Motion with Constant Angular Acceleration.
Angular and Linear Quantities.
Rotational Kinetic Energy.
Calculation of Moments of Inertia.
Torque.
Relationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration.
Work, Power, and Energy in Rotational Motion.
Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object.
11. Angular Momentum 336
The Vector Product and Torque.
Angular Momentum.
Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object.
Conservation of Angular Momentum.
The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops.
Angular Momentum as a Fundamental Quantity.
12. Static Equilibrium and Elasticity 362
The Conditions for Equilibrium.
More on the Center of Gravity.
Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium.
Elastic Properties of Solids.
13. Universal Gravitation 389
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.
Measuring the Gravitational Constant.
Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force.
Kepler's Laws and the Motion of Planets.
The Gravitational Field.
Gravitational Potential Energy.
Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion.
14. Fluid Mechanics 420
Pressure.
Variation of Pressure with Depth.
Pressure Measurements.
Buoyant Forces and Archimedes's Principle.
Fluid Dynamics. Bernoulli's Equation.
Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics.
Part II: OSCILLATIONS AND MECHANICAL WAVES 451
15. Oscillatory Motion 452
Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring.
Mathematical Representation of Simple Harmonic Motion.
Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator.
Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion.
The Pendulum. Damped Oscillations/ Forced Oscillations.
16. Wave Motion 486
Propagation of a Disturbance.
Sinusoidal Waves.
The Speed of Waves on Strings.
Reflection and Transmission.
Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings.
The Linear Wave Equation.
17. Sound Waves 512
Speed of Sound Waves.
Periodic Sound Waves.
Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves.
The Doppler Effect.
Digital Sound Recording.
Motion Picture Sound.
18. Superposition and Standing Waves 543
Superposition and Interference.
Standing Waves.
Standing Waves in a String Fixed at Both Ends.
Resonance.
Standing Waves in Air Columns.
Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes.
Beats: Interference in Time.
Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns.
Part III: THERMODYNAMICS 579
19. Temperature 580
Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.
Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale.
The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale.
Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids.
Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas.
20. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics 604
Heat and Internal Energy.
Specific Heat and Calorimetry.
Latent Heat.
Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes.
The First Law of Thermodynamics.
Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics.
Energy Transfer Mechanisms.
21. The Kinetic Theory of Gases 640
Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas.
Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas.
Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas.
The Equipartition of Energy.
The Boltzmann Distribution Law.
Distribution of Molecular Speeds/ Mean Free Path.
22. Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 667
Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Heat Pumps and Refrigerators.
Reversible and Irreversible Processes.
The Carnot Engine. Gasoline and Diesel Engines.
Entropy.
Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes.
Entropy on a Microscopic Scale.
Part IV: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 705
23. Electric Fields 706
Properties of Electric Charges.
Charging Objects by Induction.
Coulomb's Law.
The Electric Field.
Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution.
Electric Field Lines.
Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field.
24. Gauss's Law 739
Electric Flux.
Gauss's Law.
Application of Gauss's Law to Various Charge Distributions.
Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium.
Formal Derivation of Gauss's Law.
25. Electric Potential 762
Potential Difference and Electric Potential.
Potential Differences in a Uniform Electric Field.
Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges.
Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential.
Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions.
Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor.
The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment.
Applications of Electrostatics.
26. Capacitance and Dielectrics 795
Definition of Capacitance.
Calculating Capacitance.
Combinations of Capacitors.
Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor.
Capacitors with Dielectrics.
Electric Dipole in an Electric Field.
An Atomic Description of Dielectrics.
27. Current and Resistance 831
Electric Current.
Resistance.
A Model for Electrical Conduction.
Resistance and Temperature.
Superconductors.
Electrical Power.
28. Direct Current Circuits 858
Electromotive Force
Resistors in Series and Parallel.
Kirchhoff's Rules.
RC Circuits.
Electrical Meters.
Household Wiring and Electrical Safety.
29. Magnetic Fields 894
Magnetic Field and Forces.
Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor.
Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field.
Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field.
Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field.
The Hall Effect.
30. Sources of Magnetic Field 926
The Biot-Savart Law.
The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors.
Ampere's Law.
The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid. Magnetic Flux.
Gauss's Law in Magnetism.
Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampere's Law.
Magnetism in Matter.
The Magnetic Field of the Earth.
31. Faraday's Law 967
Faraday's Law of Induction.
Motional emf.
Lenz's Law.
Induced emf and Electric Fields.
Generators and Motors/ Eddy Currents.
Maxwell's Equations.
32. Inductance 1003
Self-Inductance.
RL Circuits.
Energy in a Magnetic Field.
Mutual Inductance.
Oscillations in an LC Circuit.
The RLC Circuit.
33. Alternating Current Circuits 1033
AC Sources.
Resistors in an AC Circuit.
Inductors in an AC Circuit.
Capacitors in an AC Circuit.
The RLC Series Circuit.
Power in an AC Circuit.
Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit.
The Transformer and Power Transmission.
Rectifiers and Filters.
34. Electromagnetic Waves 1066
Maxwell's Equations and Hertz's Discoveries.
Plane Electromagnetic Waves.
Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves.
Momentum and Radiation Pressure.
Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna.
Part V: LIGHT AND OPTICS 1093
35. The Nature of Light and the Laws of Geometric Optics 1094
The Nature of Light.
Measurements of the Speed of Light.
The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics.
Reflection.
Refraction.
Huygens's Principle.
Dispersion and Prisms.
Total Internal Reflection.
Fermat's Principle.
36. Image Formation 1126
Images Formed by Flat Mirrors.
Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors.
Images Formed by Refraction.
Thin Lenses.
Lens Aberrations.
The Camera.
The Eye.
The Simple Magnifier.
The Compound Microscope.
The Telescope.
37. Interference of Light Waves 1176
Conditions for Interference.
Young's Double-Slit Experiment.
Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern.
Phasor Addition of Waves.
Change of Phase Due to Reflection.
Interference in Thin Films.
The Michelson Interferometer.
38. Diffraction Patterns and Polarization 1205
Introduction to Diffraction Patterns.
Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits.
Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures.
The Diffraction Grating. Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals.
Polarization of Light Waves.
Part VI: MODERN PHYSICS 1243
39. Relativity 1244
The Principle of Galilean Relativity.
The Michelson-Morley Experiment.
Einstein's Principle of Relativity.
Consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity.
The Lorentz Transformation Equations.
The Lorentz Velocity Transformation Equations
Relativistic Linear Momentum and the Relativistic Form of Newton's Laws.
Relativistic Energy.
Mass and Energy.
The General Theory of Relativity.
APPENDIXES: A.1
A. Tables A.1
Conversion Factors. Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical Quantities. Table of Atomic Masses.
B. Mathematics Review A.14
Scientific Notation. Algebra. Geometry. Trigonometry. Series Expansions. Differential Calculus.
Integral Calculus. Propagation of Uncertainty.
C. Periodic Table of the Elements A.30
D. SI Units A.32
E. Nobel Prize Winners A.33
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A.37
Index I.1
Mechanics P A R T 1
hysics, the most fundamental physical science, is concerned with the basic
P
principles of the Universe. It is the foundation upon which the other sciences—
astronomy, biology, chemistry, and geology—are based. The beauty of physics
lies in the simplicity of the fundamental physical theories and in the manner in which
just a small number of fundamental concepts, equations, and assumptions can alter
and expand our view of the world around us.
The study of physics can be divided into six main areas:
1. classical mechanics,which is concerned with the motion of objects that are large
relative to atoms and move at speeds much slower than the speed of light;
2. relativity, which is a theory describing objects moving at any speed, even speeds
approaching the speed of light;
3. thermodynamics,which deals with heat, work, temperature, and the statistical be-
havior of systems with large numbers of particles;
4. electromagnetism, which is concerned with electricity, magnetism, and electro-
magnetic fields;
5. optics,which is the study of the behavior of light and its interaction with materials;
6. quantum mechanics, a collection of theories connecting the behavior of matter at
the submicroscopic level to macroscopic observations.
The disciplines of mechanics and electromagnetism are basic to all other
branches of classical physics (developed before 1900) and modern physics
(c. 1900–present). The first part of this textbook deals with classical mechanics,
sometimes referred to as Newtonian mechanics or simply mechanics. This is an ap-
propriate place to begin an introductory text because many of the basic principles
used to understand mechanical systems can later be used to describe such natural
phenomena as waves and the transfer of energy by heat. Furthermore, the laws of
conservation of energy and momentum introduced in mechanics retain their impor-
tance in the fundamental theories of other areas of physics.
Today, classical mechanics is of vital importance to students from all disciplines.
It is highly successful in describing the motions of different objects, such as planets,
rockets, and baseballs. In the first part of the text, we shall describe the laws of clas-
sical mechanics and examine a wide range of phenomena that can be understood
with these fundamental ideas. !
! Liftoff of the space shuttle Columbia.The tragic accident of February 1, 2003 that took
the lives of all seven astronauts aboard happened just before Volume 1 of this book went to
press. The launch and operation of a space shuttle involves many fundamental principles of
classical mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. We study the principles of
classical mechanics in Part 1 of this text, and apply these principles to rocket propulsion in
Chapter 9. (NASA)
1