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PHYSICS AND THEORETICAL COMPUTER SCIENCE NATO Security through Science Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme for Security through Science (STS). Meetings supported by the NATO STS Programme are in security-related priority areas of Defence Against Terrorism or Countering Other Threats to Security. The types of meeting supported are generally “Advanced Study Institutes” and “Advanced Research Workshops”. The NATO STS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO’s “Partner” or “Mediterranean Dialogue” countries. The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of participants and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience. Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action. Following a transformation of the programme in 2004 the Series has been re-named and re- organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer Science and Business Media, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series A. Chemistry and Biology Springer Science and Business Media B. Physics and Biophysics Springer Science and Business Media C. Environmental Security Springer Science and Business Media D. Information and Communication Security IOS Press E. Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springeronline.nl http://www.iospress.nl Sub-Series D: Information and Communication Security – Vol. 7 ISSN: 1574-5589 Physics and Theoretical Computer Science From Numbers and Languages to (Quantum) Cryptography Edited by Jean-Pierre Gazeau APC, Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Paris, France Jaroslav Nešetřil Department of Applied Mathematics and ITI, MFF, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic and Branislav Rovan Department of Computer Science, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia Amsterdam • Berlin • Oxford • Tokyo • Washington, DC Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Emerging Computer Security Technologies Cargese, Corsica, France 17–29 October 2005 © 2007 IOS Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978-1-58603-706-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2006939922 Publisher IOS Press Nieuwe Hemweg 6B 1013 BG Amsterdam Netherlands fax: +31 20 687 0019 e-mail: [email protected] Distributor in the UK and Ireland Distributor in the USA and Canada Gazelle Books Services Ltd. IOS Press, Inc. White Cross Mills 4502 Rachael Manor Drive Hightown Fairfax, VA 22032 Lancaster LA1 4XS USA United Kingdom fax: +1 703 323 3668 fax: +44 1524 63232 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] LEGAL NOTICE The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS PhysicsandTheoreticalComputerScience v J.-P.Gazeauetal.(Eds.) IOSPress,2007 (cid:2)c 2007IOSPress.Allrightsreserved. Preface AsapartoftheNATOSecurityThroughScienceProgramme,thegoaloftheAdvanced Study Institute Physics and Computer Science was to reinforce the interface between physicalsciences,theoreticalcomputerscience,anddiscretemathematics. NoonecandisputethecurrentimportanceofappliedaswellastheoreticalComputer Science in the developmentand the practiceof PhysicalSciences. Physicists of course usecomputersincommunicationaswellasinteachingtasksandresearch:softwarefor symboliccalculus,dataprocessing,programming,modelingandnumericalsimulations, learningandteachingwiththeaidofcomputers... On the other hand, and besides the fundamental role played by mathematics in physics,methodsimportedfromcomputerscienceareofincreasingimportanceintheo- reticalphysics:algorithmics,symboliccalculus,non-standardnumerationsystems,alge- braiccombinatorics,automata,cryptography... Some ofthem,like numeration,tilings and their associated dynamical systems, algebraic combinatorics, have already played animportantroleinrecentdevelopmentsinphysics,likethoseaccompanyingtheemer- genceof new materials(e.g.quasicrystals, uncommensuratestructures)or the research aroundquantuminformationand cryptography(entanglement),or yetaroundquantum spin systems and related questions of integrability, and more generally in statistical physics. The intersection of combinatorics and statistical physics has been an area of greatactivityoverthe pastfew years,fertilized byan exchangenotonlyof techniques butofobjectives.Spurredbycomputingtheoreticiansinterestedinapproximationalgo- rithms,statisticalphysicistsanddiscretemathematicianshaveovercomelanguageprob- lemsandfoundawealthofcommongroundinprobabilisticandalgebraiccombinatorics. Close connectionsbetween percolationand randomgraphs,between graphmorphisms and hard-constraintmodels, andbetween slow mixing andphase transition haveled to newresultsandnewperspectives.Theseconnectionscanhelpinunderstandingtypical, as opposed to extremal, behavior of combinatorial phenomena such as graph coloring andhomomorphisms.Someofthetopicsofparticularinterestare:percolation,random coloring,mixing,homomorphismsfromandtofixedgraph,phasetransitions,threshold phenomena. Hence, this NATO ASI School was aimed at assembling theoretical physicists and specialists of theoretical informatics and discrete mathematics in order to learn moreaboutrecentdevelopmentsincryptography,algorithmics,symboliccalculus,non- standardnumerationsystems, algebraiccombinatorics,automata...which couldreveal themselvestobeofcrucialinterestinnaturalsciences.Inturn,theSchoolofferedspecial- istsinstatisticalphysicsordynamicalsystemsorinquantuminformationandquantum cryptography,or yet in new materials (e.g. quasicrystals, uncommensuratestructures), theopportunitytodescribeaspectsoftheirresearchinwhichnewapproachesimported fromcomputerscienceareparticularlyneeded. Therefore,nearly70participants(students+lecturers+organizers),comingfrom20 differentcountries(actuallymorethan25nationalities),mostofthembeingPhDstudents or in post-doctoralpositions workingin variousfields, have attended courses givenby vi 16 specialists in algorithmics,numerationsystems, algebraic combinatorics,automata, languages,cryptography,quantuminformation,graphsandstatisticalmechanics. Generally,thelectureshavebeenintroductoryandpedagogical.Theyperfectlycom- plied with the objectiveofa realtransmission ofknowledgebetween the variouscom- munitiesattendingtheInstitute. During the ten working days of the School, a total of 40 hours was reserved for lectures, and two half days were devoted to short presentations (30 or 45 min) mainly byyoungresearchersandPhDparticipants.Around35participantspresentedtheirown research on posters displayed during the whole duration of the School. The list of participantsisgivenintheannexofthisbook. ThreeLecturesandoneconcertwereorganizedwiththesupportoftheInstitutSci- entifiquedeCargèse: • RomanOPALKA,Artist,France,Poland,TheRiverofTime, • PierreSIMONNET,UniversitédeCorse,Automataandgames, • Jaroslav NEŠETRˇILandXavier VIENNOT,ArbresetFormes, ArtetMathéma- tiques, • Maria COLOMÉ (flute) and Jean-Yves THIBON (piano): Sonate, F. Poulenc, Sonateensimineur,J.S.Bach. They were aimed to attract a wide audience from Cargèse region. Moreover, the pupilsoftheCargèseprimaryschoolenjoyedtwopedagogicalandplayfulpresentations ofthecombinatoricsoftrees. During the last auditorium meeting, the participants discussed important question of the relations, on a pedagogical as well as institutional level, between physics and computerscienceinhighereducation. Thisvolumeisorganizedalongthefollowingroughthematicdivisions: • Physics, • ChaosandFractals, • Quasi-CrystalsandTilings, • Numeration,Automata,andLanguages, • AlgebraicCombinatorics, • GraphsandNetworks. Acknowledgements This NATO-ASI “PHYSICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE” has also been supported by l’ITI-DIMATIA, Charles University, Prague, the Collectivité Territoriale de Corse (Corsica Region),the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the University of Marne-La- ValléeandtheGDR673(CNRS)“Algorithmique,LangageetProgrammation”. Jean-PierreGazeau,JaroslavNešetˇril,andBranislavRovan Co-directorsoftheAdvancedStudyInstitutePhysicsandComputerScience vii Lecturers & Participants ◦ NATO-ASI N 981339 1. ABDAL-KADERGamal Al-AzharUniversity,Cairo,Egypt 2. AKIYAMAShigeki NiigataUniversity,Japan 3. AMBROZPetr UniversitéParis7-DenisDiderot,France 4. ANDRLEMiroslav AstonUniversity,Birmingham,UK 5. AUDENAERTKoenraadM.R. ImperialCollege,London,UK 6. BALKOVALubomira CzechTechnicalUniversity,Prague,CzechRepublic 7. BANDTChristoph Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitaet,Greifswald,Germany 8. BERNATJulien UniversitédelaMéditerranée,Marseille,France 9. BERTIStefano UniversitàdiTorino,Italy 10. BISTAGNINOAndrea UniversitàdiTorino,Italy 11. BUCHAViktar NationalAcademyofSciencesofBelarus,Minsk,Belarus 12. CARAMETELaurentiu-Ioan InstituteofSpaceScience,Bucharest-Magurele,Romania 13. CHIDongPyo SeoulNationalUniversity,Korea 14. COLOMÉTatchéMaria UniversitéParis-Sud,Orsay,France 15. COMELLASFrancesc UniversitatPolitecnicadeCatalunya,Barcelona,Spain 16. DALFÓCristina UnivertitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Barcelona,Spain 17. DEMIERAnna UniversityofOxford,UK 18. DESOUZARodrigo EcoleNationaleSupérieuredesTélécommunications,Paris,France 19. DMITROCHENKOOleg BryanskStateTechnicalUniversity,Russia viii 20. DONCHENKOLyudmyla DonetskStateMedicineUniversity,Ukraine 21. FROUGNYChristiane UniversitéParis7-DenisDiderotandUniversitéParis8,France 22. GADJIEVBahruz SAMInternationalUniversityofNature,SocietyandMan,Dubna,Russia 23. GAJJARPankajkumar SardarPatelUniversity,Gujarat,India 24. GARCIADELEONPedro UniversitédeMarne-la-Vallée,France 25. GARNERONESilvano QuantumComputationISIFoundation,Torino,Italy 26. GAZEAUJean-Pierre UniversitéParis7-DenisDiderot,France 27. GOLINSKITomasz UniversityofBialystok,Poland 28. HADAROfer Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev,Beer-Sheva,Israel 29. HIVERTFlorent UniversitédeRouen,France 30. HONNOUVOGilbert ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Canada 31. JUNJinWoo InjeUniversity,Kimhae,RepublicofKorea 32. JUSHENKOEkaterina TarasShevchenkoUniversity,Kyiv,Ukraine 33. KAROLAndrei JointInstituteforNuclearResearch,Dubna,Russia 34. KHACHATRYANSuren AmericanUniversityofArmenia,Yerevan,Armenia 35. KITLASAgnieszka UniversityofBialystok,Poland 36. KLYACHKOAlexander BilkentUniversity,Ankara,Turkey 37. KOSINARPeter ComeniusUniversity,Bratislava,Slovakia 38. KOTECKYRoman CharlesUniversity,PragueCzechRepublic&UniversityofWarwick,UK 39. KWONDoYong KoreaInstituteforAdvancedStudy,Seoul,RepublicofKorea 40. LEFRANCMarc UniversitédesSciencesetTechnologiesdeLille,France 41. LOEBLMartin CharlesUniversity,Prague,CzechRepublic 42. LUQUEJean-Gabriel UniversitédeMarne-La-Vallée,France ix 43. MAKHLOUFAmar UniversityofAnnaba,Algeria 44. METENSStéphane UniversitéParis7-DenisDiderot,France 45. MOFFATTIain CharlesUniversity,Prague,CzechRepublic 46. NESETRILJaroslav CharlesUniversity,Prague,CzechRepublic 47. NOUVELBertrand EcoleNormaleSupérieure,Lyon,France 48. OLSHEVSKIYAlexander BryanskStateTechnicalUniversity,Russia 49. OPALKARoman BazéracThézac,France 50. ORLEANDEAMarius-Ciprian NationalInstituteofPhysicsandNuclearEngineering,Bucharest,Romania 51. PELANTOVAEdita CzechTechnicalUniversity,Prague,CzechRepublic 52. POLISENSKAHana CharlesUniversity,Prague,CzechRepublic 53. POPESCUBogdan NationalInstituteofMaterialsPhysics,Bucharest,Romania 54. POPOVYCHStanislav TarasShevchenkoUniversity,Kyiv,Ukraine 55. PROGULOVATatyana SAMInternationalUniversityofNature,SocietyandMan,Dubna,Russia 56. ROVANBronislav ComeniusUniversity,Bratislava,Slovakia 57. SAKAROVITCHJacques Ecolenationalesupérieuredestélécommunications,Paris,France 58. SARGSYANLusine AmericanUniversityofArmenia,Yerevan,Armenia 59. SHISHKOVANatalya UkrainianNationalAcademyofSciences,Donetsk,Ukraine 60. SHMILOVICILEIBArmin Ben-GurionUniversity,BeerSheva,Israel 61. SIMONNETPierre UniversitédeCorse,Corte,France 62. SMOLINSKIKordian UniversityofLodz,Poland 63. STEINERWolfgang UniversitéParis7-DenisDiderot,France 64. SYCHDenis M.V.LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity,Russia 65. THIBONJeanYves UniversitédeMarne-La-Vallée,France
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