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Physics and Technology of Solar Energy: Volume 1 Solar Thermal Applications PDF

607 Pages·1987·19.16 MB·English
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Physics and Technology of Solar Energy Volume 1 Solar Thermal Applications Physics and Technology of Solar Energy Volume 1 Solar Thermal Applications Proceedings of the International Workshop on Physics of Solar Energy, New Delhi, India, November 24 - December 6, 1986 Edited by H. P. Garg Centre of Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India M. Dayal Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Ministry of Energy, NeW Delhi, India G. Furlan International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy and A. A. M. Sayigh Department of Engineering, The University of Reading, Reading, U.S.A Assistant Editor: V. K. Sharma Centre of Energy Studies, Indian Instituie of Technology, New Delhi, India D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP DORDRECHTI BOSTON I LANCASTER I TOKYO Library of Congress Catalogi~g in Publication Data International Workshop on Physics of Solar Energy (1986: New Delhi, India) Physics and technology of solar energy. Includes indexes. Contents: v. I. Solar thermal applications- v. 2. Photovoltaics and solar energy· materials. I. Solar energy-Congresses. I. Garg, H. P. II. Sharma, V. K. III. Title. TJ809.2.158 1986 621.47 87-13114 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8247-1 e-ISBN- 13: 978-94-009-3939-4 001: 10.1007/978-94-009-3939-4 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Qrive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland. All Rights Reserved © 1987 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1987 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner CONTENTS Preface ix Sponsors xi SOLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENT AND MODELLING 1. Solar Radiation, its Measurement and Applica- 1 tion in Solar Energy Utilization Programme A.Mani 2. A Program in Basic for Calculating Solar 15 Radiation in Tropical Climates on Small Computers R.H.B.Exell SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTORS 3. Principles of solar thermal conversion 27 R.H.B.Exell 4. Solar Concentrators 39 S.S.Mathur 5. Stationary Asymmetric Concentrators 79 K.D.Mannan 6. Thermal ~nalysis of Compound Parabolic Concen- 109 trating Solar Energy Collectors B.Norton and D.E.Prapas 7. Physics of Solar Ponds 137 C.L.Gupta 8. Operating Experience with solar ponds in Tropics 169 C.L.Gupta 9. Testing of Liquid Collectors 187 S.C.Mullick vi CONTENTS SOLAR PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING 10. Passiv~ heating and cooling concepts 209 R.L.Sawhney, M.S.Sodha and N.K.Barisal 11. Energy Conscious Building Design 241 F.M.Butera 12. Field Studies on Solar Passive Buildings in India 319 C.L.Gupta 13. Monitoring and Modeling of Passive Solar 343 Buildings S.Mahajan SOLAR REFRIGERATION AND AIRCONDITIONING 14. Solar Energy Cooling in Buildings 369 A.A.M.Sayigh 15. A village size Solar Refrigerator 397 R.H.B.Exell 16. Solar Cooling for Cold Storage Applications 405 using Solid ~esiccant~ and Adsorbents R.H.B.Exell,S.C.Bhattacharya and Y.R.Upadhyaya SOLAR DRYING 17. Solar Crop drying 413 N.K.Bansal 18. Passive Autarkic Solar Drying Techniques 447 B.Norton, P.D.Fleming and O.V.Ekechukwu OTHER THERMAL APPLICATIONS 19. Solar Thermal Applications 467 G.D.Sootha 20. S~lar Cookers 475 H.P.Garg 21. Solar Desalination Techniques 517 H.P.Garg 22. Thermodynamic Analysis of a Direct Expansion 561 Solar Assisted Heat Pump S.K.Chaturvedi CONTENTS vii 23. Instrumentation in Solar Energy Applications 583 M.Ramakrishna Rao AUTHOR INDEX 601 SUBJECT INDEX 607 PREFACE The 'fuel crises' in 1972-73 generated world wide effort f6r the search for an Alternative Energy source to fossil fuels. Solar energy waS identified as one of the alternatives to fossil fuels. On one hand the developed countries are trying to maintain their standard of living while the developing countries are trying to solve their industrial, social and economical problems to increase their standard of living. After this period a lot of Research and Development in the field of solar energ'y was carried out both in developing and developed countries and solar energy i. utilized in domestic, agricultural and indvstrial sectors and also in the space. During the period of "Oil Crises" industrialized countries expended their activities in solar energy and substantial progress was made. In f.ew developing countries seperate funding in the field of solar energy R&D was also provided through national and international, organizations. Time has now come when one should .eriously look into the problems and screen, select, adapt, and manage emerging solar energy technology for its use in developing countries. Also the International Organizations will have to play a major role in this direction which may assist building up of a local Solar energy' R&D and manufacturing capabilities in developing countries which should be based ori a long term but on necessary basis. With this in view, an International Workshop on Physics of Solar Energy was organised with the support of many National and International Organisations with the idea to identify the priority areas in the field of solar energy materials, solar photovoltaic, and solar thermal applica- tions. The main objective of this International Workshop was also to improve communications between individual scientists, academic institutions, industries and research institutions working in the field of solar energy and to diScuss the latest develo~ments in the field of solar energy and its potential uses. The purpose was also to provide training for scientists, engineers and academicians from developing countries of the world. The Workshop is organised under the joint sponsorship of Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India; Inter- national Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy; United Nations ~ducational Scientific and Cultural Organi- sation (UNESCO); COSTED; United Nations Universjty (UNU); British Council; International Bureau, West Germany; Department of Science & Technology; Council of Scientific ix PREFACE and Industrial Research; Indian National Science Academy; India; and Tata Energy Research Institute. Keeping the objectives of the Workshop in view, topics for discussions were selected and eminent scientists were invited from all over the world to present lectures on these selected topics. In all 46 invited lectures were delivered during the Workshop period. The proceedings of the Workshop is being prepared in two volumes. Volume one deals with selected topics on Solar Thermal Applications containing 2j lectures while volume two contains 16 lectures dealing with Photovoltaics and Solar Energy Materials. Few lectures which are of general nature are not included in the final proceedings. The International Advisory Board and National Organising Committee of the Workshop extend their thanks to Govt. of India and Prof. Abdus Salam, Director, ICTP, Trieste, Italy for all the support for holding this Inter- national Workshop at lIT Delhi, India. Prof. H.P.Garg who is the Organising Secretary of this International Workshop is particularly grateful to all the sponsors and co- sponsors of this Workshop and specialy to Prof. Abdus Salam, Director, ICTP, Trieste, Italy for generous support and for supplying the necessary funds, personnel and advice. H.P. Garg Maheshwar Dayal G. Furlan A.A.M. Sayigh V.K. Sharma SPONSORS British Council Committee on Science and Technology in Developing Coun- tries (COSTED). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, India. Department of Non-Conventional Energy Source (DNES), New Delhi, India. Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, India. Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New Delhi, India International Bureau" Julich, West Germany. International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTp),Trieste Italy. Solar Energy Society of India (SESI),India. Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). United Nations University (UNU), Tokyo, Japan. University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India. SOLAR RADIATION, ITS MEASUREMENT AND APPLICATION IN SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION PROGRAMME A.Mani Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Field Research Unit, Bangalore India 1. INTRODUCTION The electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun, covers a very large range of wavelengths, from radiowaves through the visible to X-rays and gam~a rays. But 99 percent of this energy is contained in the region 0.2 to 4~, in the near ultraviolet, visible and near infra red regions of the solar spectrum, with a maximum about 0.5~. Roughly one half of this radiation lies in the visible region between 0.38 and 0.77~ and the remainder in the ultraviolet and infrared regions. The radiation received from the sun, on an average, on a surface of unit area exposed normal to the sun's rays outside the atmosphere, at the mean distance of the earth from the sun, is called the solar constant. It has a value of roughly 2cal/cm/min or 1.36 KW/m2. In its passage through the atmosphere, solar radiation is attenuated by scattering and absorption by air molecules, watervapour, dust and aerosols and clouds, and reduced by geometric factors, so that the maximum intensity received at the earth's surface is only about 1.0 KW/m2, even with very clear, dry air and a cloudless sky. In a place like Bangalore, the integrated daily energy from the sun and the sky is as high as 6-8 KWh/m 2/day in April-May. The annual incidence of solar energy on a square kilometer of the earth's surface is about 1.5xl0 9 KWh. 2. MEASUREMENT OF SOLAR RADIATION The most direct method of assessing the solar energy potential at a place is obviously measurement, using instru- ments and methods of the required accuracy and reliability. The radiation parameters that are required to be measured for solar energy utilization programmes are: H. P. Garg el al. (eds.), Physics tllld Technology of Solar Energy, Vol. 1, 1-14. © 1987 by D. Reidel Publishing Company.

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