Physics and Technology of Solar Energy: Volume 1 Solar Thermal Applications

607 Pages·1987·19.16 MB·English

by  H. P. Garg, M. Dayal, G. Furlan, A. Mani (auth.), A. A. M. Sayigh (eds.)

Physics and Technology
of Solar Energy
Volume 1
Solar Thermal Applications
Physics and Technology
of Solar Energy
Volume 1
Solar Thermal Applications
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Physics of Solar Energy,
New Delhi, India, November 24 - December 6, 1986
Edited by
H. P. Garg
Centre of Energy Studies,
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
M. Dayal
Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources,
Ministry of Energy, NeW Delhi, India
G. Furlan
International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
and
A. A. M. Sayigh
Department of Engineering,
The University of Reading, Reading, U.S.A
Assistant Editor:
V. K. Sharma
Centre of Energy Studies,
Indian Instituie of Technology, New Delhi, India
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY
A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
DORDRECHTI BOSTON I LANCASTER I TOKYO
Library of Congress Catalogi~g in Publication Data
International Workshop on Physics of Solar Energy
(1986: New Delhi, India)
Physics and technology of solar energy.
Includes indexes.
Contents: v. I. Solar thermal applications- v. 2. Photovoltaics and
solar energy· materials.
I. Solar energy-Congresses. I. Garg, H. P. II. Sharma, V. K.
III. Title.
TJ809.2.158 1986 621.47 87-13114
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8247-1 e-ISBN- 13: 978-94-009-3939-4
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-3939-4
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company,
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All Rights Reserved
© 1987 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1987
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
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CONTENTS
Preface ix
Sponsors xi
SOLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENT AND MODELLING
1. Solar Radiation, its Measurement and Applica- 1
tion in Solar Energy Utilization Programme
A.Mani
2. A Program in Basic for Calculating Solar 15
Radiation in Tropical Climates on Small
Computers
R.H.B.Exell
SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTORS
3. Principles of solar thermal conversion 27
R.H.B.Exell
4. Solar Concentrators 39
S.S.Mathur
5. Stationary Asymmetric Concentrators 79
K.D.Mannan
6. Thermal ~nalysis of Compound Parabolic Concen- 109
trating Solar Energy Collectors
B.Norton and D.E.Prapas
7. Physics of Solar Ponds 137
C.L.Gupta
8. Operating Experience with solar ponds in Tropics 169
C.L.Gupta
9. Testing of Liquid Collectors 187
S.C.Mullick
vi CONTENTS
SOLAR PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING
10. Passiv~ heating and cooling concepts 209
R.L.Sawhney, M.S.Sodha and N.K.Barisal
11. Energy Conscious Building Design 241
F.M.Butera
12. Field Studies on Solar Passive Buildings in India 319
C.L.Gupta
13. Monitoring and Modeling of Passive Solar 343
Buildings
S.Mahajan
SOLAR REFRIGERATION AND AIRCONDITIONING
14. Solar Energy Cooling in Buildings 369
A.A.M.Sayigh
15. A village size Solar Refrigerator 397
R.H.B.Exell
16. Solar Cooling for Cold Storage Applications 405
using Solid ~esiccant~ and Adsorbents
R.H.B.Exell,S.C.Bhattacharya and Y.R.Upadhyaya
SOLAR DRYING
17. Solar Crop drying 413
N.K.Bansal
18. Passive Autarkic Solar Drying Techniques 447
B.Norton, P.D.Fleming and O.V.Ekechukwu
OTHER THERMAL APPLICATIONS
19. Solar Thermal Applications 467
G.D.Sootha
20. S~lar Cookers 475
H.P.Garg
21. Solar Desalination Techniques 517
H.P.Garg
22. Thermodynamic Analysis of a Direct Expansion 561
Solar Assisted Heat Pump
S.K.Chaturvedi
CONTENTS vii
23. Instrumentation in Solar Energy Applications 583
M.Ramakrishna Rao
AUTHOR INDEX 601
SUBJECT INDEX 607
PREFACE
The 'fuel crises' in 1972-73 generated world wide
effort f6r the search for an Alternative Energy source to
fossil fuels. Solar energy waS identified as one of the
alternatives to fossil fuels. On one hand the developed
countries are trying to maintain their standard of living
while the developing countries are trying to solve their
industrial, social and economical problems to increase
their standard of living. After this period a lot of
Research and Development in the field of solar energ'y was
carried out both in developing and developed countries and
solar energy i. utilized in domestic, agricultural and
indvstrial sectors and also in the space. During the period
of "Oil Crises" industrialized countries expended their
activities in solar energy and substantial progress was
made. In f.ew developing countries seperate funding in the
field of solar energy R&D was also provided through
national and international, organizations. Time has now
come when one should .eriously look into the problems and
screen, select, adapt, and manage emerging solar energy
technology for its use in developing countries. Also the
International Organizations will have to play a major role
in this direction which may assist building up of a local
Solar energy' R&D and manufacturing capabilities in
developing countries which should be based ori a long term
but on necessary basis.
With this in view, an International Workshop on
Physics of Solar Energy was organised with the support of
many National and International Organisations with the idea
to identify the priority areas in the field of solar energy
materials, solar photovoltaic, and solar thermal applica-
tions. The main objective of this International Workshop
was also to improve communications between individual
scientists, academic institutions, industries and research
institutions working in the field of solar energy and to
diScuss the latest develo~ments in the field of solar
energy and its potential uses. The purpose was also to
provide training for scientists, engineers and academicians
from developing countries of the world.
The Workshop is organised under the joint sponsorship
of Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India; Inter-
national Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy;
United Nations ~ducational Scientific and Cultural Organi-
sation (UNESCO); COSTED; United Nations Universjty (UNU);
British Council; International Bureau, West Germany;
Department of Science & Technology; Council of Scientific
ix
PREFACE
and Industrial Research; Indian National Science Academy;
India; and Tata Energy Research Institute. Keeping the
objectives of the Workshop in view, topics for discussions
were selected and eminent scientists were invited from all
over the world to present lectures on these selected
topics. In all 46 invited lectures were delivered during
the Workshop period. The proceedings of the Workshop is
being prepared in two volumes. Volume one deals with
selected topics on Solar Thermal Applications containing 2j
lectures while volume two contains 16 lectures dealing with
Photovoltaics and Solar Energy Materials. Few lectures
which are of general nature are not included in the final
proceedings.
The International Advisory Board and National
Organising Committee of the Workshop extend their thanks to
Govt. of India and Prof. Abdus Salam, Director, ICTP,
Trieste, Italy for all the support for holding this Inter-
national Workshop at lIT Delhi, India. Prof. H.P.Garg who
is the Organising Secretary of this International Workshop
is particularly grateful to all the sponsors and co-
sponsors of this Workshop and specialy to Prof. Abdus
Salam, Director, ICTP, Trieste, Italy for generous support
and for supplying the necessary funds, personnel and
advice.
H.P. Garg
Maheshwar Dayal
G. Furlan
A.A.M. Sayigh
V.K. Sharma
SPONSORS
British Council
Committee on Science and Technology in Developing Coun-
tries (COSTED).
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New
Delhi, India.
Department of Non-Conventional Energy Source (DNES), New
Delhi, India.
Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi,
India.
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New Delhi, India
International Bureau" Julich, West Germany.
International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTp),Trieste
Italy.
Solar Energy Society of India (SESI),India.
Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO).
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).
United Nations University (UNU), Tokyo, Japan.
University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India.
SOLAR RADIATION, ITS MEASUREMENT AND APPLICATION IN
SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION PROGRAMME
A.Mani
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Field Research Unit,
Bangalore
India
1. INTRODUCTION
The electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun,
covers a very large range of wavelengths, from radiowaves
through the visible to X-rays and gam~a rays. But 99 percent
of this energy is contained in the region 0.2 to 4~, in the
near ultraviolet, visible and near infra red regions of the
solar spectrum, with a maximum about 0.5~. Roughly one half
of this radiation lies in the visible region between 0.38
and 0.77~ and the remainder in the ultraviolet and infrared
regions. The radiation received from the sun, on an average,
on a surface of unit area exposed normal to the sun's rays
outside the atmosphere, at the mean distance of the earth
from the sun, is called the solar constant. It has a value
of roughly 2cal/cm/min or 1.36 KW/m2. In its passage through
the atmosphere, solar radiation is attenuated by scattering
and absorption by air molecules, watervapour, dust and
aerosols and clouds, and reduced by geometric factors, so
that the maximum intensity received at the earth's surface
is only about 1.0 KW/m2, even with very clear, dry air and a
cloudless sky.
In a place like Bangalore, the integrated daily energy
from the sun and the sky is as high as 6-8 KWh/m 2/day in
April-May. The annual incidence of solar energy on a square
kilometer of the earth's surface is about 1.5xl0 9 KWh.
2. MEASUREMENT OF SOLAR RADIATION
The most direct method of assessing the solar energy
potential at a place is obviously measurement, using instru-
ments and methods of the required accuracy and reliability.
The radiation parameters that are required to be
measured for solar energy utilization programmes are:
H. P. Garg el al. (eds.), Physics tllld Technology of Solar Energy, Vol. 1, 1-14.
© 1987 by D. Reidel Publishing Company.