Table Of Content

8 G G G G G G 2 HemuileH00.4 10 NeoeNn81.02 18 ArnrogA.9593 36 KrnotpyrK08.38 54 XenoneX131.29 86 RnnodaR222 118 — 7 G9 FrleniouF00.91 G17 CllenirohC54.53 L35 BrimorBen09.97 S53 IenidoI109.62 85S AtenitatsA210 70S YbmuretYibt173.05 102X NomuiibloN259 m 6 G8 OgyxneO00.61 S16 SSruflu32.07 S34 SemunelSie69.87 S52 TemuirulleT06.721 84S PomuinoloP209 116 — 69S TmmuiluhT.86139 101X Mdivnuelede258 M 5 G7 NegoNnrti10.41 S15 Prsuohpsoh79.03 S33 AscinerAs29.47 S51 SbynomitnA121.76 83S BihtumsiB89.802 115 — 68S EribrmuE162.76 100X FmmuiremF257 P 4 S6 CnCobra10.21 S14 SicnoiliS90.82 S32 GemuinamreG72.64 S50 SnniT118.71 82S PbdaeL2.702 114 — 67S HoumlomiH.46391 99X EsinsnimuietE252 ST 3 S5 BoroBn18.01 S13 AlimunmulA89.62 S31 GamuilaGl27.96 S49 InmuidnI284.11 81S TlmuillahT204.38 113 — 66S DysosDmuirpy.26105 98X CfinilamurofC251 NEM acs. S30 ZncniZ83.56 S48 CdmuimdaC112.41 80L HgyrucreM95.002 112 — 65S TbmureTib39.851 97X BkmuieBlekr247 ELE EHT F alues up to two decimal pl slateM slateM noitisnarT lnosatemN sesag elboN ires dinhnaLseeat seires edinitcA SS2928 NiCulkciNreppoCe58.6955.36 SS4746 PdAgmuidallaPrevliS8106.427.701 7879SS PtAumunitalPdloG691195.0879. XX110111 DsRgmuitdatsmraDmuinegtneoR281280 6463SS GdEuminilodaGmuiporuEu25169.155.71 9695XX CmAmurCmcmmiuuiireA247243 O ELBAT ses are 2005 IUPAC v ildoSS diuqiLL saGGertan nidnuo toNu fX SS2627 FeCoIrontlaboC58.5539.85 SS4445 RuRhumuinehtRmuidohR.1017019.201 7677SS OsIrdmuimsOmuiirI2190.232.291 XX108109 HsMttumissaH muirenieM276270 6261XS SmPmmaihmoPmuiraSmuter150.36145 9493XX PuNpmutuPmuinuNinoltpe237244 CIDO Atomic mas :etatS S25 MnsenagnaeM49.45 X43 TcmuitenhceT98 75S RemuinehR12.681 X107 BhmuirhoB 272 60S NdiydoeNmum.44142 92S UrUmuina03.832 IREP S92 UinmuarU.83230 S24 CrmuimorhC00.25 S42 MoMmunedbylo95.96 74S WnetsgnuT183.84 X106 Sg muigrobaeS271 59S PrmmydsaPuioer191.04 91S PaicarmuinttoP40.132 rebmun c lobmyS rebmun s S23 VmuidanaV4905. S41 NbmuiboiN.2919 73S TamulatnaT8159.0 X105 DbmuinbuD 268 58S CemureiC20411. 90S ThmurohTi.23402 im sa m Aot M S22 TimuinatiT47.87 S40 ZrmurZinoci22.19 72S HfmuinfaH94.871 X104 RfuidrofrehtuR267 57S LamunahLtna19.831 89S AcmuinitcA227 S21 ScidnacSmu69.44 S39 YumirttY8819. 71S LumuinituL47179. S103 LrLmuicnerwa262 2 S4 BeremuilyB.910 S12 MgusengaMmi.4213 S20 CaimuclaC8004. S38 SrnormuittS26.78 S56 BamuiraB43.731 S88 RamuidaR226 1G HnrdegoyH10.1 1 S3 LimutiLih649. S11 NaidoSmu99.22 S19 KPmuissaot013.9 S37 RbmuidibuR4.587 S55 CsmuiseC19.231 S87 FrmuicnarF223 Pedagogical Use of Color The colors that you see in the illustrations of this text are used to improve clarity and understanding. Many figures with three-dimensional perspectives are airbrushed in various colors to make them look as realistic as possible. Color has been used in various parts of the book to identify specific physi- cal quantities. The following schemes have been adopted. Chapters 1–10: Motion Chapters 17–19: Light and Optical Devices Speed and Velocity Object Acceleration Light rays Force Mirror Rotation Image Linear momentum Lens Angular momentum Chapters 20–27: Electricity and Magnetism Positive charge Negative charge Electric force and field Magnetic force and field Neutron Passage of Time/Clock Icon Art Some art shows the development of a phenomenon over time as a series of “snapshots.” A clock icon indicates the passage of time in this art. A The clock icons indicate that the series of events in this figure progress over a series of uniform time priods Physics A Conceptual World View Seventh Edition LARRY D. KIRKPATRICK Montana State University GREGORY E. FRANCIS Montana State University Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain United Kingdom • United States Physics: A Conceptual World View, Seventh © 2010, 2007 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Larry D. Kirkpatrick, Gregory E. Francis may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means Publisher: Mary Finch graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, Senior Development Editor: Peter McGahey or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Associate Development Editor: Brandi Kirksey Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Editorial Assistant: Joshua Duncan written permission of the publisher. Senior Media Editor: Rebecca Berardy Schwartz For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Marketing Manager: Nicole Mollica Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Marketing Coordinator: Kevin Carroll For permission to use material from this text or product, Marketing Communications Manager: submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions Belinda Krohmer Further permissions questions can be emailed to [email protected] Project Manager, Editorial Production: Trudy Brown Creative Director: Rob Hugel Library of Congress Control Number: 2008943180 Art Director: John Walker ISBN-13: 978-0-495-39152-4 Print Buyer: Linda Hsu ISBN-10: 0-495-39152-2 Permissions Editor, Text: Tim Sisler Production Service: Lachina Publishing Services Brooks/Cole Text Designer: Brian Salisbury 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 Photo Researcher: Dena Digilio Betz USA Copy Editor: Lachina Publishing Services Illustrator: Greg Gambino, 2064design Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with Cover Designer: Brian Salisbury offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Cover Image: © Masterfi le Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at: Compositor: Lachina Publishing Services international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09 This book is dedicated to Greg’s grandchildren: Cassandra Mary Brielle Hyrum Aubrey Tyson They make their grandfather laugh and they keep their grandmother young. This page intentionally left blank Preface v Brief Contents Preface xiii 17 Light 352 18 Refraction of Light 375 1 A World View 1 19 A Model for Light 400 2 Describing Motion 15 The Big Picture 3 Explaining Motion 34 An Electrical and Magnetic World 420 4 Motions in Space 59 5 Gravity 78 20 Electricity 422 21 Electric Current 447 The Big Picture The Discovery of Invariants 97 22 Electromagnetism 467 6 Momentum 99 The Big Picture The Story of the Quantum 493 7 Energy 115 8 Rotation 140 23 The Early Atom 495 24 The Modern Atom 520 The Big Picture Universality of Motion 162 The Big Picture The Subatomic World 545 9 Classical Relativity 164 10 Einstein’s Relativity 187 25 The Nucleus 547 26 Nuclear Energy 573 The Big Picture The Search for Atoms 216 27 Elementary Particles 597 28 Frontiers 617 11 Structure of Matter 218 12 States of Matter 240 Appendix A: Nobel Laureates in Physics 631 13 Thermal Energy 261 Appendix B: Answers to Most Odd-Numbered Questions 14 Available Energy 282 and Exercises 634 Glossary 647 The Big Picture Index 653 Waves—Something Else That Moves 301 15 Vibrations and Waves 303 16 Sound and Music 329 The Big Picture The Mystery of Light 350 v This page intentionally left blank Preface vii Contents Preface xiii Newton’s Third Law 49 Summary 53 1 A World View 1 Newton: Diversifi ed Brilliance 38 Everyday Physics: Terminal Speeds 48 First Grade 2 On Building a World View 2 Bode’s Law 5 4 Motions in Space 59 Measurements 6 Circular Motion 60 Sizes: Large and Small 10 Acceleration Revisited 61 Summary 13 Acceleration in Circular Motion 64 Everyday Physics: Monumental Metric Projectile Motion 65 Mistakes 9 Launching an Apple into Orbit 70 Rotational Motion 71 2 Describing Motion 15 Summary 73 Average Speed 16 Everyday Physics: Banking Corners 66 Images of Speed 17 Everyday Physics: Floating in Defi ance of Gravity 72 Instantaneous Speed 19 Speed with Direction 20 Acceleration 22 5 Gravity 78 A First Look at Falling Objects 24 The Concept of Gravity 79 Free Fall: Making a Rule of Nature 26 Starting with an Initial Velocity 28 Newton’s Gravity 81 A Subtle Point 29 The Law of Universal Gravitation 83 Summary 29 The Value of G 84 Everyday Physics: Fastest and Slowest 20 Gravity near Earth’s Surface 86 Galileo: Immoderate Genius 25 Satellites 87 Tides 88 3 Explaining Motion 34 How Far Does Gravity Reach? 90 The Field Concept 91 An Early Explanation 35 Summary 92 The Beginnings of Our Modern Explanation 36 Kepler: Music of the Spheres 80 Newton’s First Law 37 Everyday Physics: How Much Do You Weigh? 86 Adding Vectors 39 The Big Picture Newton’s Second Law 41 The Discovery of Invariants 97 Mass and Weight 44 Weight 45 Free-Body Diagrams 45 6 Momentum 99 Free Fall Revisited 47 Galileo versus Aristotle 47 Linear Momentum 100 Friction 48 Changing an Object’s Momentum 100 vii viii Contents Conservation of Linear 9 Classical Relativity 164 Momentum 102 A Reference System 165 Collisions 104 Motions Viewed in Different Reference Investigating Accidents 106 Systems 166 Airplanes, Balloons, and Rockets 107 Comparing Velocities 167 Summary 109 Accelerating Reference Systems 168 Everyday Physics: Landing the Hard Way: Realistic Inertial Forces 169 No Parachute 102 Centrifugal Forces 173 Noether: The Grammar of Physics 109 Earth: A Nearly Inertial System 174 Noninertial Effects of Earth’s 7 Energy 115 Motion 176 What Is Energy? 116 Summary 181 Energy of Motion 117 Everyday Physics: Living in Zero G 172 Conservation of Kinetic Energy 118 Everyday Physics: Planetary Cyclones 180 Changing Kinetic Energy 120 Forces That Do No Work 121 10 Einstein’s Relativity 187 Gravitational Potential Energy 123 The First Postulate 188 Conservation of Mechanical Searching for the Medium Energy 124 of Light 189 Roller Coasters 126 The Second Postulate 189 Other Forms of Energy 128 Simultaneous Events 190 Is Conservation of Energy Synchronizing Clocks 192 a Hoax? 131 Time Varies 196 Power 132 Experimental Evidence for Time Summary 134 Dilation 197 Everyday Physics: Stopping Distances Length Contraction 199 for Cars 121 Spacetime 201 Everyday Physics: Exponential Growth 130 Relativistic Laws of Motion 202 Everyday Physics: Human Power 133 General Relativity 204 Warped Spacetime 207 8 Rotation 140 Summary 209 Rotational Motion 141 Everyday Physics: The Twin Paradox 199 Torque 142 Einstein: Person of the Century 203 Rotational Inertia 144 Everyday Physics: The Global Positioning Center of Mass 146 System (GPS) 206 Stability 148 Everyday Physics: Black Holes 208 Extended Free-Body Diagrams 148 The Big Picture Rotational Kinetic Energy 150 The Search for Atoms 216 Angular Momentum 152 Conservation of Angular Momentum 152 11 Structure of Matter 218 Angular Momentum: A Vector 153 Building Models 219 Summary 155 Early Chemistry 220 The Big Picture Chemical Evidence of Atoms 222 Universality of Motion 162

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Designed specifically for non-majors, PHYSICS: A CONCEPTUAL WORLD VIEW provides an engaging and effective introduction to physics using a flexible, fully modular presentation ideal for a wide variety of instructors and courses. Incorporating highly effective Physics Education Research pedagogy, the