Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces, Volume 9

565 Pages·2004·7.861 MB·English

by  Jacques Buffle, Herman P. van Leeuwen(eds.)

Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport
at Biointerfaces
PhysicochemicalKineticsandTransportatBiointerfaces.
EditedbyHerman.P.vanLeeuwenandWolfgangKo¨ster
Copyright2004IUPAC.ISBN:0-471-49845-9
IUPACSERIES ON ANALYTICAL AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
Series Editors
Jacques Buffle, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Herman P. van Leeuwen, Wageningen University, Wageningen,
The Netherlands
Series published within the framework of the activities of the IUPAC Commission on
FundamentalEnvironmentalChemistry,DivisionofChemistryandtheEnvironment.
INTERNATIONALUNIONOFPUREANDAPPLIEDCHEMISTRY(IUPAC)
Secretariat,POBox13757,104T.W.AlexanderDrive,Building19,
ResearchTrianglePark,NC27709-3757,USA
Previouslypublishedvolumes(LewisPublishers):
EnvironmentalParticlesVol.1(1992)ISBN0-87371-589-6
EditedbyJacquesBuffleandHermanP.vanLeeuwen
EnvironmentalParticlesVol.2(1993)ISBN0-87371-895-X
EditedbyJacquesBuffleandHermanP.vanLeeuwen
Previouslypublishedvolumes(JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd):
MetalSpeciationandBioavailabilityinAquaticSystemsVol.3(1995)
ISBN0-471-95830-1
EditedbyAndre´ TessierandDavidR.Turner
StructureandSurfaceReactionsofSoilParticlesVol.4(1998)
ISBN0.471-95936-7
EditedbyPanM.Huang,NicolaSenesiandJacquesBuffle
AtmosphericParticlesVol.5(1998)
ISBN0-471-95935-9
EditedbyRoyM.HarrisonandRene´ E.vanGrieken
InSituMonitoringofAquaticSystemsVol.6(2000)
ISBN0-471-48979-4
EditedbyJacquesBuffleandGeorgeHorvai
TheBiogeochemistryofIroninSeawaterVol.7(2001)
ISBN0-471-49068-7
EditedbyDavidR.TurnerandKeithA.Hunter
InteractionsbetweenSoilParticlesandMicroorganismsVol.8(2002)
ISBN0-471-60790-8
EditedbyPanM.Huang,Jean-MarcBollagandNicolaSenesi
IUPACSeries on Analyticaland Physical Chemistry
of Environmental Systems. Volume 9
Physicochemical Kinetics
and Transport at
Biointerfaces
Edited by
HERMAN. P. VAN LEEUWEN
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
WOLFGANG KO¨STER
Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG),
CH-8600 Du¨bendorf,Switzerland
Copyright(cid:1)2004byIUPAC
Publishedin2004byJohnWiley&SonsLtd,
TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,
WestSussexPO198SQ,England
Telephone(þ44)1243779777
Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected]
VisitourHomePageonwww.wileyeurope.comorwww.wiley.com
AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemor
transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning
orotherwise,exceptunderthetermsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthe
terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the
PublishershouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,
SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,England,[email protected],
orfaxesto(þ44)1243770620.
Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothe
subjectmattercovered.ItissoldontheunderstandingthatthePublisherisnotengagedinrendering
professionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofa
competentprofessionalshouldbesought.
OtherWileyEditorialOffices
JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103–1741,USA
Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany
JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,33ParkRoad,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia
JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02–01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809
JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,22WorcesterRoad,Etobicoke,Ontario,CanadaM9W1L1
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Physicochemicalkineticsandtransportatbiointerfaces/editedbyH.P.vanLeeuwen,W.Ko¨ster.
p.cm.–(IUPACseriesonanalyticalandphysicalchemistryofenvironmentalsystems;
.v.9)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-471-49845-9(ppc:alk.paper)
1.Biologicalinterfaces.2.Chemicalkinetics.3.Biologicaltransport.I.Leeuwen,H.P.
van.II.Ko¨ster,Wolfgang.III.Series.
QP517.S87P4852004
571.6’4–dc22
2003060730
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN0471498459
Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyKolamInformationServicesPvt.Ltd,Pondicherry,India
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyMPG,Bodmin,Cornwall
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestryinwhich
atleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction.
Contents
List of Contributors.............................................. vii
Series Preface ................................................... ix
Preface......................................................... xi
1 PhysicochemicalKinetics andTransport atthe Biointerface:
Settingthe Stage............................................. 1
W.Ko¨ster and H. P. van Leeuwen
2 Molecular Modelling ofBiological Membranes:
Structure andPermeation Properties ............................ 15
F.A. M.Leermakersand J.M.Kleijn
3 Biointerfaces and Mass Transfer................................ 113
H. P. van Leeuwen and J.Galceran
4 Dynamics ofBiouptake Processes: theRole of Transport,
Adsorption and Internalisation.................................. 147
J.Galceran and H. P. van Leeuwen
5 Chemical SpeciationofOrganics andof Metals
at Biological Interphases ...................................... 205
B.I. Escher andL. Sigg
6 Transport ofSolutes Across Biological Membranes: Prokaryotes..... 271
W.Ko¨ster
7 Transport ofSolutes Across Biological Membranes inEukaryotes:
an EnvironmentalPerspective .................................. 337
R. D. Handy andF. B. Eddy
8 Transport ofColloidsandParticles AcrossBiological Membranes.... 357
M.G. Taylor and K. Simkiss
9 Mobilisation ofOrganicCompounds and Iron by Microorganisms.... 401
H. Harms and L. Y. Wick
10 CriticalEvaluation ofthePhysicochemical Parameters and
Processes for Modelling the Biological Uptakeof Trace Metals
in Environmental (Aquatic) Systems............................. 445
K. J.Wilkinson andJ. Buffle
HermanP.vanLeeuwenisanelectrochemistwho
obtainedhisdegreeinchemistryattheStateUni-
versity of Utrecht, The Netherlands, in 1969. His
thesiswasinthefieldofpulsemethodsinelectrode
kinetics, and his Ph.D. degree was awarded cum
laude (best 5% in The Netherlands) in 1972. He
then joined the Colloid Chemistry and Electro-
chemistry group of Professor J. Lyklema at
WageningenUniversity,wherehebecameasenior
lecturer in 1986. His teaching includes analytical/
inorganic chemistry, electrochemistry and envir-
onmental physical chemistry. He was appointed
Extraordinary Professor at the University of
Genevain2000.Hiscurrentmajorresearchinter-
ests are twofold: (1) ion dynamics and electroki-
netics of colloids, and (2) dynamic speciation and bioavailability of metals in
environmental systems. He has published some 140 research papers, reviews and
book chapters in these fields. He was chairman of the IUPAC Commission on
Fundamental Environmental Chemistry from 1995 to 1999, and Chairman of the
ElectrochemistrySectionoftheRoyalDutchChemicalSocietyfrom1993to2001.
TogetherwithJ.Buffle,heeditstheIUPACBookSeriesonAnalyticalandPhysical
ChemistryofEnvironmentalSystems,launchedin1992.
Wolfgang Ko¨ster studied biology at the Univer-
sitiesofBielefeldandTu¨bingen,Germany.Placing
emphasisonbiochemistry,plantphysiology,gen-
etics and microbiology he was influenced by the
workofProfessorV. Braun,ProfessorE.Sander
and Professor H. Za¨hner. In 1986, he earned his
Ph.D. from the University of Tu¨bingen. With a
grant from the German Science Foundation
(DFG),in1988hebecameapost-doctoralfellow
inthelaboratoryofProfessorR.J.Kadneratthe
SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofVirginia,USA.
Hewasthenpromotedtoapositionequivalentto
Assistant Professor and the ‘Habilitation’ in
Microbiology at the University of Tu¨bingen. Be-
tween 1998 and 1999 he held the position of
‘Visiting Scientist’ (Cantarini Fellowship of the Institut Pasteur and Fellowship of
theCentreNationaldelaRechercheScientific(CNRS),France)inthelaboratoryof
ProfessorM.Hofnung,InstitutPasteur,Paris,France.In1999,hejoinedasaSenior
Scientist (leading the group Drinking Water Microbiology) the Swiss Federal
InstituteforEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology(EAWAG).Hegainedteaching
experiencefromtheUniversitiesofTu¨bingenandHohenheimandETHZu¨richby
conductinglectures,seminarsandpracticalcoursesatundergraduateandgraduate
levels in the areas of microbiology, genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology and
environmentalscience.Hismajorareasofworkandinterestcomprise:(1)survival
strategiesandmoleculardetectionmethodsforbacteriaindrinkingwaterandenvir-
onmentalhabitats,(2)membrane-associatedtransportphenomenainmicrobes,with
focusonmetaltransportinbacteria,and(3)bioavailabilityandecotoxicityofmetals
andhydrophobicorganiccompoundsingreenalgae.
List of Contributors
J. Buffle
CABE(AnalyticalandBiophysicalEnvironmentalChemistry/ChimieAnalytique
etBiophysicochimiedel’Environnement),30,quaiErnestAnsermet,Universite´de
Gene`ve, CH-1211 Gene`ve 4,Switzerland
F. B. Eddy
Environmental and Applied Biology, School of Life Sciences, The University of
Dundee,Nethergate,Dundee,DD14HN,Scotland, UK
B. I.Escher
Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Ecotoxicology, Swiss Federal Insti-
tuteforEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology(EAWAG),U¨berlandstrasse133,
CH-8600 Du¨bendorf,Switzerland
J. Galceran
Departament de Qu´ımica, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198
Lleida,Spain
R. D. Handy
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Ply-
mouth,PL4 8AA, UK
H. Harms
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ENAC–ISTE–LPE, Baˆtiment GR, CH-
1015 Lausanne (EPFL),Switzerland
J. M.Kleijn
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University,
Dreijenplein 6, NL-6703HB Wageningen,The Netherlands
W. Ko¨ster
Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Ecotoxicology, Swiss Federal
InstituteforEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology(EAWAG),U¨berlandstrasse
133, CH-8600 Du¨bendorf,Switzerland
F. A. M.Leermakers
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University,
Dreijenplein 6, NL-6703HB Wageningen,The Netherlands
H. P. van Leeuwen
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University,
Dreijenplein 6, NL-6703HB Wageningen,The Netherlands
viii LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS
L. Sigg
Analytical Chemistry of the Aquatic Environment, Swiss Federal Institute for
Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), U¨berlandstrasse 133, CH-
8600 Du¨bendorf,Switzerland
K. Simkiss
School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights,
Reading, RG66AJ, UK
M.G. Taylor
School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights,
Reading, RG66AJ, UK
L. Y.Wick
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ENAC–ISTE–LPE, Baˆtiment GR, CH-
1015 Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
K. J.Wilkinson
CABE(AnalyticalandBiophysicalEnvironmentalChemistry/ChimieAnalytique
etBiophysicochimiedel’Environnement),30,quaiErnestAnsermet,Universite´de
Gene`ve, CH-1211 Gene`ve4, Switzerland
Series Preface
The main purpose of the IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry
ofEnvironmentalSystemsistomakechemists,biologists,physicistsandother
scientists aware of the most important biophysicochemical conditions and
processes that define the behaviour of environmental systems. The various
volumes of the Series thus emphasise the fundamental concepts of environ-
mental processes, taking into account specific aspects such as physical and
chemical heterogeneity, and interaction with the biota. Another major goal of
the series is to discuss the analytical tools that are available, or should be
developed, to study these processes. Indeed, there still seems to be a great
needformethodologydevelopedspecificallyforthefieldofanalytical/physical
chemistry of theenvironment.
Thepresentvolumeoftheseriesfocusesontheinterplaybetweenorganisms
and the physical chemistry of the environmental media in which they live. It
criticallydiscussesthedifferentphysicochemicalandbiophysicalfeaturesofthe
kineticsof processesat thebiointerface,with specialattention given toaspects
such as bioavailability of chemical species, analysis of the necessary mass
transfertowards/fromthebiointerface,routesoftransferthroughthebiomem-
brane, etc. This volume was realised within the framework of the activities of
theformerIUPACCommissiononFundamentalEnvironmentalChemistryof
theDivisionofChemistryandtheEnvironment.WethanktheIUPACofficers
responsible, especially the executive director, Dr John Jost, for their support
andassistance.WealsothanktheInternationalCouncilforScience(ICSU)for
financial support of the work of the Commission. This enabled us to organise
the discussion meeting of the full team of chapter authors (in Du¨bendorf,
Switzerland, 2001) which formed such an essential step in the preparation and
harmonisation ofthe various chapters of this book.
The series is indeed being well received, and is growing prosperously. New
volumes, on fractal properties of soil particles and physical techniques for
micro/nanoparticle characterisation respectively, are in an early stage of prep-
aration. As with all books in the series, these volumes will present critical
reviewsthatreflectthecurrentstateoftheartandprovideguidelinesforfuture
research inthe field.
Jacques Buffle and Herman P. van Leeuwen
Series Editors
Preface
The idea of broadening the scope of analytical and physical chemistry of
environmental systems, to include the interactions of chemical species with
livingorganisms,hasbeenontheprioritylistoftheformerIUPACCommission
on Fundamental Environmental Chemistry for some time. It had been recog-
nisedthatthedistributionandtransportofchemicalcomponentsinbioticand
abioticreservoirsisofparamountimportanceinunderstandingtheeffectsand
fate of organic and inorganic material inenvironmental systems. The develop-
ment of mechanistic models for the transport and distribution of chemical
componentsbothwithinandbetweenbioticandabioticenvironmentsrequires
an integrated approach, with functional links between the various modes of
transportofbioactivechemicalspeciesandthebiophysicochemicalprocessesto
which they are subjected. This challenging goal has sparked interest across
many fields of research, with the result that much of the key knowledge
necessary for progress has become dispersed over several rather poorly inter-
acting disciplines. It is thus timely to integrate these activities, which are all
focused essentially on a common broad objective. In doing so, this book will
providethecurrentoverallstateoftheart,aswellashighlightkeydirectionsfor
futureresearch.
At the end of the 1990s Professor Alex Zehnder (EAWAG/Du¨bendorf CH)
andProfessorRonnyBlust(AntwerpenUniversity/Belgium)madethefirststeps
towards the creation of this publication. In close cooperation with the chair-
man of the IUPAC Commission at that time (Dr Herman P. van Leeuwen) it
wasdecidedtofocusthesubjectofthebookonthephysicochemicalkineticsof
the various processes at the biointerface, and their coupling with the mass
transfer of the chemical species involved. This brief would necessarily encom-
pass subtopics such as the structure and permeative properties of biomem-
branes and their aqueous interfacial layers, the description of diffusive and
convective processes at the biointerface, the routes for transport of chemical
compounds across membranes, and the biological chemistry of organisms as
relevant,forexample,forthemobilisationofessentialchemicalsinthemedium.
The heart of the book would be on the interphasial region between external
medium and organism, and not so much on details of the various chemical
conversions insidethe organism.
A meeting with all prospective chapter authors was hosted by EAWAG/
Du¨bendorf (Switzerland) in early 2001, and the organisation and editing of
the book finally came into the hands of the undersigned. It was decided to