Table Of ContentSafety Symbols
These symbols appear in laboratory activities.
They alert you to possible dangers and remind
you to work carefully.
A General Safety Awareness Read all Electric Shock To avoid an electric shock,
directions for an experiment several times. WjJI never use electrical equipment near water, or
Follow the directions exactly as they are written. Ifw hen the equipment or your hands are wet. Use
you are in doubt, ask your teacher for assistance. only sockets that accept a three-prong plug. Be
sure cords are untangled and cannot trip anyone.
Physical Safety If the lab includes physical Disconnect equipment that is not in use.
activity, use caution to avoid injuring yourself
or others. Tell your teacher if there is a reason that B Fragile Glassware Handle fragile glassware,
you should not participate. such as thermometers, test tubes, and beakers,
with care. Do not touch broken glass. Notify your
0 9 Safety Goggles Always wear safety teacher if glassware breaks. Never use chipped or
^ goggles to protect your eyes in any activity cracked glassware.
involving chemicals, heating, or the possibility of
broken glassware. LgB Corrosive Chemical Avoid getting
0 9 corrosive chemicals on your skin or clothing,
0 Lab Apron Wear a laboratory apron to or in your eyes. Do not inhale the vapors. Wash
protect your skin and clothing from harmful your hands after completing the activity.
chemicals or hot materials.
I Poison Do not let any poisonous chemical
Plastic Gloves Wear disposable plastic ' get on your skin, and do not inhale its vapor.
gloves to protect yourself from contact with Wash your hands after completing the activity.
chemicals that can be harmful. Keep your hands
away from your face. Dispose of gloves according M Fumes When working with poisonous or
to your teacher’s instructions. f*«I irritating vapors, work in a well-ventilated
area. Never test for an odor unless instructed to do
| Heating Use a clamp or tongs to hold hot so by your teacher. Avoid inhaling a vapor directly.
' objects. Test an object by first holding the Use a wafting motion to direct vapor toward
back of your hand near it. If you feel heat, the your nose.
object may be too hot to handle.
Sharp Object Use sharp instruments
□ Heat-Resistant Gloves Hot plates, hot only as directed. Scissors, scalpels, pins, and
water, and hot glassware can cause burns. knives are sharp and can cut or puncture your
Never touch hot objects with your bare hands. skin. Always direct sharp edges and points away
Use an oven mitt or other hand protection. from yourself and others.
^ Flames Tie back long hair and loose cloth Disposal All chemicals and other materials
ing, and put on safety goggles before using a used in the laboratory must be disposed of
burner. Follow instructions from your teacher for safely. Follow your teacher’s instructions.
lighting and extinguishing burners.
flBTJa Hand Washing Before leaving the lab,
No Flames If flammable materials are .■HP wash your hands thoroughly with soap or
Si
present, make sure there are no flames, detergent, and warm water. Lather both sides of
sparks, or exposed sources of heat. your hands and between your fingers. Rinse well.
About the Authors
Michael Wysession
Michael Wysession received his Ph.D. in geophysics from Northwestern University in
1991. He is an Associate Professor in Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington
University in St. Louis, Missouri. His area of specialization is using seismic waves to
explore Earth's interior. Dr. Wysession is an author on more than 50 scientific publi
cations. For his research, he was awarded a Packard Foundation Fellowship, and in
1996 was awarded a Presidential Faculty Fellowship at the White House. He also has
created educational simulations to accurately show how seismic waves propagate.
David Frank
David Frank completed his Ph.D. at Purdue University. For the last ten years he has been
the head of the Physical Sciences Department at Ferris State University in Big Rapids,
Michigan. He has taught general chemistry courses for science majors and for allied
health students. With the assistance of his colleagues, he helped develop a new B.A. pro
gram in biochemistry. He has taught students in the university's Math/Science/
Technology program, which enrolls gifted high school students. Recently he has worked
with Michigan's "Connecting With the Learner" group, which produced a toolkit to help
elementary and secondary teachers address diversity issues in the classroom.
Sophia Yancopoulos
Sophia Yancopoulos received her Ph.D. in physics from Columbia University. She has
done postdoctoral research in astronomy at Yale University and in biophysics at the
Mount Sinai School of Medicine. She considers teaching to be a vital and exciting
part of her experience, having taught at Barnard College, Vassar College, the Stevens
Institute of Technology, and Columbia University, as well as at Bronx High School of
Science. She has worked on a neutrino oscillations experiment at Fermi National
Laboratory, conducted experiments on acoustic modeling, and analyzed data on the
extreme astrophysics of neutron stars. She currently teaches in the physics depart
ment at Manhattan College and in their graduate program in biotechnology.
Contributing Contributing Laboratory JoAnne Mowczko, Ed.D.
Writers Writers for DK Activity Writers Science Writer
Gaithersburg, Maryland
Steve Miller Robert Dinwiddie Robert W. Arts
Science Writer M.A. M.Sc. Associate Professor of Brian Rohrig
State College, Science Writer Physics Science Teacher
Pennsylvania London, England Pikeville College Columbus Public Schools
Pikeville, Kentucky Columbus, Ohio
Polly Weissman Susan Watt
Science Writer M.A. M.Sc. Hasan Fakhrudin
New York, New York Science Writer Physics Instructor Safety Consultant
London, England Indiana Academy for
Dr. Kenneth R. Roy
Dr. Carolyn Sumners Science, Mathematics,
Director, Science and
Houston Museum of and Humanities
Safety
Natural Science Reading Muncie, Indiana
Glastonbury Public
Houston, Texas Consultant
Schools
Yvonne Favaro
Glastonbury, Connecticut
T. Griffith Jones Bonnie Armbruster, Ph.D. Science Teacher (retired)
P.K. Yonge Developmental Department of Curriculum Englewood Cliffs,
Research School and Instruction New Jersey
College of Education— University of Illinois
University of Florida Champaign, Illinois
Gainesville, Florida
Content Reviewers
Albert Altman, Ph.D. Donald Elliott, Ph.D. Robert J. Mellors, Ph.D. Surajit Sen, Ph.D.
Department of Physics and Department of Physics Department of Geological Department of Physics
Applied Physics Carroll College Sciences State University of
University of Massachusetts- Waukesha, Wisconsin San Diego State University New York at Buffalo
Lowell San Diego, California Buffalo, New York
Deborah Freile, Ph.D.
Lowell, Massachusetts
Department of Physics, David J. Morrissey, Ph.D. Jerry Shi, Ph.D.
Paul D. Beale, Ph.D. Astronomy, and Geology Department of Chemistry Natural Sciences Division
Department of Physics Berry College Michigan State University Pasadena City College
University of Colorado Mt. Berry, Georgia East Lansing, Michigan Pasadena, California
Boulder, Colorado
Joel Goldberg, Ph.D. George S. Mumford, Ph.D. Steven L. Shropshire, Ph.D.
Howard Brooks, Ph.D. Department of Chemistry Professor of Astronomy, Department of Physics
Department of Physics and University of Vermont Emeritus Idaho State University
Astronomy Burlington, Vermont Tufts University Pocatello, Idaho
DePauw University Medford, Massachusetts
Creencastle, Indiana Michael W. Hamburger, Paul B. Steinbach, Ph.D.
Ph.D. Thomas W. Nalli, Ph.D. Department of Chemistry
Jeffrey C. Callister Department of Geological Chemistry Department Stephen F. Austin State
Teacher of Earth Sciences Winona State University University
Science (retired) Indiana University Winona, Minnesota Nacogdoches, Texas
Newburgh Free Academy Bloomington, Indiana
Newburgh, New York Lesley Putman, Ph.D. Paul R. Stoddard, Ph.D.
Alice K. Hankla, Ph.D. Department of Chemistry Department of Geology
Paul C. Canfield, Ph.D. The Galloway School Northern Michigan and Environmental
Department of Physics Atlanta, Georgia University Geosciences
Iowa State University Marquette, Michigan Northern Illinois University
Ames, Iowa David O. Harris, Ph.D. DeKalb, Illinois
Department of Chemistry Stanley Raucher, Ph.D.
Brant J. Chapman, Ph.D. and Biochemistry Department of Chemistry Chuck Stone, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry University of California University of Washington Department of Physics
and Biochemistry Santa Barbara, California Seattle, Washington North Carolina Agricultural
Montclair State University and Technical State
Upper Montclair, Xiaochun He, Ph.D. John C. Ridge, Ph.D. University
New Jersey Department of Physics and Department of Geology Greensboro, North Carolina
Astronomy Tufts University
David Cinabro, Ph.D. Georgia State University Medford, Massachusetts Douglass F. Taber, Ph.D.
Department of Physics and Atlanta, Georgia Department of Chemistry
Astronomy Scott M. Rochette, Ph.D. and Biochemistry
Wayne State University Gary L. Hickernell, Ph.D. Department of the Earth University of Delaware
Detroit, Michigan Professor of Chemistry Sciences Newark, Delaware
Keuka College State University of
Dennis P. Clougherty, Ph.D. Ossining, New York New York at Brockport Jason R. Telford, Ph.D.
Department of Physics Brockport, New York Department of Chemistry
University of Vermont David Kanis, Ph.D. University of Iowa
Burlington, Vermont Department of Chemistry Jeffrey C. Rogers, Ph.D. Iowa City, Iowa
Chicago State University Department of Geography
Frank Colby, Ph.D. Chicago, Illinois Ohio State University John R. Villarreal, Ph.D.
Professor of Meteorology Columbus, Ohio College of Science and
University of Massachusetts- Glenn C. Kroeger, Ph.D. Engineering
Lowell Department of Larry Rosenhein, Ph.D. The University of
Lowell, Massachusetts Geosciences Department of Chemistry Texas-Pan American
Trinity University Indiana State University
Edinburg, Texas
David R. Curott, Ph.D. San Antonio, Texas Terre Haute, Indiana
Professor Emeritus Nanette Wachter, Ph.D.
University of North David Markowitz, Ph.D. Mark Rosenthal Department of Chemistry
Alabama Professor of Physics, Meteorologist Hofstra University
Florence, Alabama Emeritus Newton, Massachusetts Hempstead, New York
University of Connecticut
Charles C. Curtis, Ph.D. Storrs, Connecticut Gerald Royce, Ph.D. Jerry D. Wilson, Ph.D.
Department of Physics United States Naval Lander University-
The University of Arizona Academy Professor Emeritus
Tucson, Arizona Annapolis, Maryland Greenwood, South Carolina
George Schatz, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
Northwestern University
Evanston, Illinois
Sara Seager, Ph.D.
Carnegie Institution of
Washington
Washington, D.C.
Teacher Reviewers
Ann C. Andrex Chris Cunningham Jerome Leonard Kraut Joel Palmer
James H. Blake High School Capital High School Francis Lewis High School Mesquite
Silver Spring, Maryland Olympia, Washington Fresh Meadows, New York Independent
School District
Javier Artinano Maryellen Duffy Michelle S. Krug
Mesquite, Texas
Austin Preparatory School Andover High School Coral Springs High School
Reading, Massachusetts Andover, Massachusetts Coral Springs, Florida Joyce A. Reamy
Calvert Hall College
Frederick C. Bantz Brad Gammon Horace (Rog) Lucido
High School
Reservoir High School Coral Springs High School Roosevelt High School
Baltimore, Maryland
Fulton, Maryland Coral Springs, Florida Fresno, California
Pam Rhoda
Dr. Louise Baxter Roger Gaspar Deborah A. Maner
Owen High School
Bainbridge High School Bishop Connolly School for the Talented
Black Mountain,
Bainbridge Island, High School and Gifted
North Carolina
Washington Fall River, Massachusetts Dallas, Texas
Mark Servis
Dale Beames Paul A. Girard Angie L. Matamoros, Ph.D.
DeWitt High School
Coral Springs High School Haverhill High School ALM Consulting DeWitt, Michigan
Coral Springs, Florida Haverhill, Massachusetts Weston, Florida
F. Lee Slick
Alice C. Best Eileen Gratkins Mark McCandless Morgan Park High School
T. C. Roberson George N. Smith The Galloway School Chicago, Illinois
High School Junior High School Atlanta, Georgia
Asheville, North Carolina Mesa, Arizona Deanna M. Swartzfager
Bruce A. Mellin
Blake High School
David R. Blakely Roy G. Hammit Brooks School Silver Spring, Maryland
Arlington High School Mesa High School North Andover,
Arlington, Massachusetts Mesa, Arizona Massachusetts Stephen Mark Tuccelli
Somerville Public Schools
Mark W. Breerwood Charles W. Kellogg, Ph.D. Daniel R. Mullaney Somerville, Massachusetts
Cypress Springs Masconomet Regional Walpole High School
High School School District Walpole, Massachusetts Thomas Vaughn
Cypress, Texas Topsfield, Massachusetts Arlington High School
Noreen Paeth Arlington, Massachusetts
Bernadine Hladik Cook David Kelso Curie Metropolitan
Johnstown High School Manchester High High School Renee Zimmerman
Johnstown, New York School Central Chicago, Illinois St. John's Preparatory
Manchester, New Hampshire School
Melissa Lynn Cook Danvers, Massachusetts
Oakland Mills High School
Columbia, Maryland
Activity and Laboratory Field Testers
Nicholas Bernice Lisa Endicott Brad Laatsch A. Marie Pool
Northern Highlands LaFollette High School Vance High School Clinton High School
Regional High School Madison, Wisconsin Charlotte, North Carolina Clinton, Oklahoma
Allendale, New Jersey
Katherine M. Ewing Beth Meade Leavitt Alan Seidman
John Bingamon Sanderson High School Wade Hampton High School Margaretville Central School
Thurston High School Raleigh, North Carolina Greenville, South Carolina Margaretville, New York
Redford, Michigan
Lisa Freeman Ellen Loehman Tom Skaar
Eva Brooksetta Davidson Seymour High School Manzano High School Ben L. Smith High School
Vance High School Seymour, Indiana Albuquerque, New Mexico Greensboro, North Carolina
Charlotte, North Carolina
Mary Louise Freitas Susan McCullen Thomas L. Tokarski
Ashley P. Day Peoria High School Big Rapids High School Westchester Magnet Academy
R S Central High School Peoria, Arizona Big Rapids, Michigan Purchase, New York
Rutherfordton, North
Susan J. Grabowski Amy McLaughlin James R. White
Carolina
Schurz High School Pasadena High School Southside High School
Richelle Dull Chicago, Illinois Pasadena, California Chocowinity, North Carolina
ZB Vance High School
Herbert H. Gottlieb Al Pangburn John P. Wilbur
Charlotte, North Carolina
Martin Van Buren High Pioneer School District Caledonia-Mumford Schools
Carolyn C. Elliott School (retired) Yorkshire, New York Caledonia, New York
South Iredell High School Queens Village, New York
Richard Payne
Statesville, North Carolina
Margaret A. Holzer Cobleskill-Richmondville
Chatham High School Central School
Chatham, New Jersey Richmondville, New York
Contents
Chapter 1 Science Skills ..............................................................xviii
1.1 What is Science? ......................................................................................2
1.2 Using a Scientific Approach .......................................................................7
Discoueru Concepts in Action
ScfiOOt Forensic Science ....................................................................................12
1.3 Measurement...............................................................................................14
1.4 Presenting Scientific D ata........................................................................22
Careers in Chemistry ................................................................................................................34
Chapter 2 Properties of M a tte r....................................................36
2.1 Classifying Matter.........................................................................................38
2.2 Physical Properties ......................................................................................45
D^uerjj Concepts in Action
Sftioot (Setting a Fresh S tart............................................................................52
2.3 Chemical Properties ....................................................................................54
Chapter 3 States of M atter.............................................................66
3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases.........................................................................68
3.2 The Gas Laws.................................................................................................75
DlMOueru Concepts in Action
ScflOOL Riding on A ir...........................................................................................82
3.3 Phase Changes..............................................................................................84
Chapter 4 Atomic Structure...........................................................98
4.1 Studying Atom s.........................................................................................100
D^puerij Concepts in Action
SCtiOOf Small-Scale Construction ................................................................106
4.2 The Structure of an A tom .......................................................................108
4.3 Modern Atomic Theory............................................................................113
Chapter 5 The Periodic Table......................................................124
5.1 Organizing the Elements.........................................................................126
5.2 The Modern Periodic Table....................................................................130
5.3 Representative Groups ............................................................................139
D^oueru Concepts in Action
ScflOOL Elemental Friends and Foes...............................................................146
vi
Chapter 6 Chemical Bonds...........................................................156
6.1 Ionic Bonding ...........................................................................................158
6.2 Covalent Bonding......................................................................................165
6.3 Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas......................................170
6.4 The Structure of Metals............................................................................1 76
DjSCOUBPM Concepts in Action
ScHOOt Chipping In .......................................................................................182
Chapter 7 Chemical Reactions...................................................190
7.1 Describing Reactions.................................................................................192
7.2 Types of Reactions ..................................................................................199
7.3 Energy Changes in Reactions..................................................................206
pijscouerii Concepts in Action
sffoot Firefighting...........................................................................................210
7.4 Reaction Rates ...........................................................................................212
7.5 Equilibrium ................................................................................................216
Chapter 8 Solutions, Acids, and Bases....................................226
8.1 Formation of Solutions............................................................................228
8.2 Solubility and Concentration..................................................................235
8.3 Properties of Acids and Bases ...............................................................240
8.4 Strength of Acids and Bases ..................................................................246
Discoueri) Concepts in Action
SotOOt River of Life...........................................................................................250
Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry.................................................... 260
9.1 Carbon Compounds.................................................................................262
Discoueri) Concepts in Action
ScflOOL Breathing Easy ....................................................................................270
9.2 Substituted Hydrocarbons.......................................................................272
9.3 Polymers ......................................................................................................275
9.4 Reactions in Cells......................................................................................282
Chapter 10 Nuclear Chemistry ..
10.1 Radioactivity ..................
10.2 Rates of Nuclear Decay .
10.3 Artificial Transmutation .
Discoueri) Concepts in Action
SotOOL Nuclear Medicine . . .
10.4 Fission and Fusion . . . .
Physics 322
Careers in Physics .......................................................................................................................324
Chapter 11 Motion .......................................................................... 326
11.1 Distance and Displacement..................................................................328
11.2 Speed and Velocity.................................................................................332
Discouepu Concepts in Action
SCHOOL Navigation at Sea...............................................................................338
11.3 Acceleration..............................................................................................342
Chapter 12 Forces and M otion.................................................... 354
12.1 Forces ........................................................................................................356
12.2 Newton's First and Second Laws of Motion ...................................363
DiScpueri) Concepts in Action
ScflOOt Terminal Speed....................................................................................370
12.3 Newton's Third Law of Motiona nd Momentum.............................372
12.4 Universal Forces ......................................................................................378
Chapter 13 Forces in Fluids............................................................388
13.1 Fluid Pressure...........................................................................................390
1 3.2 Forces and Pressure in Fluids...............................................................394
gyeri) Concepts in Action
SotOOL Airplane Motion .................................................................................398
1 3.3 Buoyancy...................................................................................................400
Chapter 14 Work, Power, and Machines..................................410
14.1 Work and Power......................................................................................412
14.2 Work and Machines ..............................................................................417
14.3 Mechanical Advantage and Efficiency .............................................421
14.4 Simple Machines ....................................................................................427
Discoueru Concepts in Action
SotOCX Cearing Up for Better Bikes...............................................................436
Chapter 15 Energy ..........................................
15.1 Energy and Its Forms ..........................
15.2 Energy Conversion and Conservation
Di^coueni) Concepts in Action
SctIOOL Roller Coasters
15.3 Energy Resources
V•I I•I•
Chapter 16 Thermal Energy and Heat ......................................472
16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter ...............................................................474
16.2 Heat and Thermodynamics..................................................................479
DlSCOueri) Concepts in Action
ScflOOL Solar Home...........................................................................................484
16.3 Using Heat................................................................................................486
Chapter 17 Mechanical Waves and Sound...............................498
1 7.1 Mechanical Waves ...............................................................................500
1 7.2 Properties of Mechanical Waves..........................................................504
1 7.3 Behavior of Waves ...............................................................................508
17.4 Sound and Hearing...............................................................................514
DjSCQueri) Concepts in Action
SotOOL Now Hear This ....................................................................................522
Chapter 18 The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Light ------530
18.1 Electromagnetic Waves.........................................................................532
18.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum ..........................................................539
18.3 Behavior of Light ....................................................................................546
18.4 Color...........................................................................................................550
Discouerij Concepts in Action
SCHOOL New Light on Old A rt.........................................................................554
18.5 Sources of Light......................................................................................558
Chapter 19 Optics .............................................................................568
19.1 Mirrors........................................................................................................570
19.2 Lenses........................................................................................................574
19.3 Opticallnstruments ...............................................................................580
Discouepu Concepts in Action
SctOoE Fiber Optics .........................................................................................586
19.4 The Eye and Vision.................................................................................588
Chapter 20 Electricity......................................................................598
20.1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity ................................................600
20.2 Electric Current ......................................................................................604
20.3 Electric Circuits.........................................................................................609
DijScqueru Concepts in Action
SQKXX Getting Personal with Computers ..................................................614
20.4 Electronic Devices....................................................................................618
Chapter 21 Magnetism ..................................................................628
21.1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields .............................................................630
21.2 Electromagnetism....................................................................................635
Discouery Concepts in Action
SSOOE Peeking Inside the Human Body......................................................640
21.3 Electrical Energy Generation and Transmission..............................642
ix
