Physical Science: Concepts in Action

1001 Pages·2004·151.78 MB·English

by  Michael Wysession

Safety Symbols
These symbols appear in laboratory activities.
They alert you to possible dangers and remind
you to work carefully.
A General Safety Awareness Read all Electric Shock To avoid an electric shock,
directions for an experiment several times. WjJI never use electrical equipment near water, or
Follow the directions exactly as they are written. Ifw hen the equipment or your hands are wet. Use
you are in doubt, ask your teacher for assistance. only sockets that accept a three-prong plug. Be
sure cords are untangled and cannot trip anyone.
Physical Safety If the lab includes physical Disconnect equipment that is not in use.
activity, use caution to avoid injuring yourself
or others. Tell your teacher if there is a reason that B Fragile Glassware Handle fragile glassware,
you should not participate. such as thermometers, test tubes, and beakers,
with care. Do not touch broken glass. Notify your
0 9 Safety Goggles Always wear safety teacher if glassware breaks. Never use chipped or
^ goggles to protect your eyes in any activity cracked glassware.
involving chemicals, heating, or the possibility of
broken glassware. LgB Corrosive Chemical Avoid getting
0 9 corrosive chemicals on your skin or clothing,
0 Lab Apron Wear a laboratory apron to or in your eyes. Do not inhale the vapors. Wash
protect your skin and clothing from harmful your hands after completing the activity.
chemicals or hot materials.
I Poison Do not let any poisonous chemical
Plastic Gloves Wear disposable plastic ' get on your skin, and do not inhale its vapor.
gloves to protect yourself from contact with Wash your hands after completing the activity.
chemicals that can be harmful. Keep your hands
away from your face. Dispose of gloves according M Fumes When working with poisonous or
to your teacher’s instructions. f*«I irritating vapors, work in a well-ventilated
area. Never test for an odor unless instructed to do
| Heating Use a clamp or tongs to hold hot so by your teacher. Avoid inhaling a vapor directly.
' objects. Test an object by first holding the Use a wafting motion to direct vapor toward
back of your hand near it. If you feel heat, the your nose.
object may be too hot to handle.
Sharp Object Use sharp instruments
□ Heat-Resistant Gloves Hot plates, hot only as directed. Scissors, scalpels, pins, and
water, and hot glassware can cause burns. knives are sharp and can cut or puncture your
Never touch hot objects with your bare hands. skin. Always direct sharp edges and points away
Use an oven mitt or other hand protection. from yourself and others.
^ Flames Tie back long hair and loose cloth Disposal All chemicals and other materials
ing, and put on safety goggles before using a used in the laboratory must be disposed of
burner. Follow instructions from your teacher for safely. Follow your teacher’s instructions.
lighting and extinguishing burners.
flBTJa Hand Washing Before leaving the lab,
No Flames If flammable materials are .■HP wash your hands thoroughly with soap or
Si
present, make sure there are no flames, detergent, and warm water. Lather both sides of
sparks, or exposed sources of heat. your hands and between your fingers. Rinse well.

About the Authors
Michael Wysession
Michael Wysession received his Ph.D. in geophysics from Northwestern University in
1991. He is an Associate Professor in Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington
University in St. Louis, Missouri. His area of specialization is using seismic waves to
explore Earth's interior. Dr. Wysession is an author on more than 50 scientific publi
cations. For his research, he was awarded a Packard Foundation Fellowship, and in
1996 was awarded a Presidential Faculty Fellowship at the White House. He also has
created educational simulations to accurately show how seismic waves propagate.
David Frank
David Frank completed his Ph.D. at Purdue University. For the last ten years he has been
the head of the Physical Sciences Department at Ferris State University in Big Rapids,
Michigan. He has taught general chemistry courses for science majors and for allied
health students. With the assistance of his colleagues, he helped develop a new B.A. pro
gram in biochemistry. He has taught students in the university's Math/Science/
Technology program, which enrolls gifted high school students. Recently he has worked
with Michigan's "Connecting With the Learner" group, which produced a toolkit to help
elementary and secondary teachers address diversity issues in the classroom.
Sophia Yancopoulos
Sophia Yancopoulos received her Ph.D. in physics from Columbia University. She has
done postdoctoral research in astronomy at Yale University and in biophysics at the
Mount Sinai School of Medicine. She considers teaching to be a vital and exciting
part of her experience, having taught at Barnard College, Vassar College, the Stevens
Institute of Technology, and Columbia University, as well as at Bronx High School of
Science. She has worked on a neutrino oscillations experiment at Fermi National
Laboratory, conducted experiments on acoustic modeling, and analyzed data on the
extreme astrophysics of neutron stars. She currently teaches in the physics depart
ment at Manhattan College and in their graduate program in biotechnology.
Contributing Contributing Laboratory JoAnne Mowczko, Ed.D.
Writers Writers for DK Activity Writers Science Writer
Gaithersburg, Maryland
Steve Miller Robert Dinwiddie Robert W. Arts
Science Writer M.A. M.Sc. Associate Professor of Brian Rohrig
State College, Science Writer Physics Science Teacher
Pennsylvania London, England Pikeville College Columbus Public Schools
Pikeville, Kentucky Columbus, Ohio
Polly Weissman Susan Watt
Science Writer M.A. M.Sc. Hasan Fakhrudin
New York, New York Science Writer Physics Instructor Safety Consultant
London, England Indiana Academy for
Dr. Kenneth R. Roy
Dr. Carolyn Sumners Science, Mathematics,
Director, Science and
Houston Museum of and Humanities
Safety
Natural Science Reading Muncie, Indiana
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Schools
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Glastonbury, Connecticut
T. Griffith Jones Bonnie Armbruster, Ph.D. Science Teacher (retired)
P.K. Yonge Developmental Department of Curriculum Englewood Cliffs,
Research School and Instruction New Jersey
College of Education— University of Illinois
University of Florida Champaign, Illinois
Gainesville, Florida
Content Reviewers
Albert Altman, Ph.D. Donald Elliott, Ph.D. Robert J. Mellors, Ph.D. Surajit Sen, Ph.D.
Department of Physics and Department of Physics Department of Geological Department of Physics
Applied Physics Carroll College Sciences State University of
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Department of Physics Berry College Michigan State University Pasadena City College
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Howard Brooks, Ph.D. Department of Chemistry Professor of Astronomy, Department of Physics
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Detroit, Michigan Professor of Chemistry Sciences Newark, Delaware
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Department of Physics Brockport, New York Department of Chemistry
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Chicago State University Department of Geography
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Professor of Meteorology Columbus, Ohio College of Science and
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Lowell Department of Larry Rosenhein, Ph.D. The University of
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David R. Curott, Ph.D. San Antonio, Texas Terre Haute, Indiana
Professor Emeritus Nanette Wachter, Ph.D.
University of North David Markowitz, Ph.D. Mark Rosenthal Department of Chemistry
Alabama Professor of Physics, Meteorologist Hofstra University
Florence, Alabama Emeritus Newton, Massachusetts Hempstead, New York
University of Connecticut
Charles C. Curtis, Ph.D. Storrs, Connecticut Gerald Royce, Ph.D. Jerry D. Wilson, Ph.D.
Department of Physics United States Naval Lander University-
The University of Arizona Academy Professor Emeritus
Tucson, Arizona Annapolis, Maryland Greenwood, South Carolina
George Schatz, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
Northwestern University
Evanston, Illinois
Sara Seager, Ph.D.
Carnegie Institution of
Washington
Washington, D.C.
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James H. Blake High School Capital High School Francis Lewis High School Mesquite
Silver Spring, Maryland Olympia, Washington Fresh Meadows, New York Independent
School District
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Mesquite, Texas
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Calvert Hall College
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Bainbridge Island, High School and Gifted
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Washington Fall River, Massachusetts Dallas, Texas
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Contents
Chapter 1 Science Skills ..............................................................xviii
1.1 What is Science? ......................................................................................2
1.2 Using a Scientific Approach .......................................................................7
Discoueru Concepts in Action
ScfiOOt Forensic Science ....................................................................................12
1.3 Measurement...............................................................................................14
1.4 Presenting Scientific D ata........................................................................22
Careers in Chemistry ................................................................................................................34
Chapter 2 Properties of M a tte r....................................................36
2.1 Classifying Matter.........................................................................................38
2.2 Physical Properties ......................................................................................45
D^uerjj Concepts in Action
Sftioot (Setting a Fresh S tart............................................................................52
2.3 Chemical Properties ....................................................................................54
Chapter 3 States of M atter.............................................................66
3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases.........................................................................68
3.2 The Gas Laws.................................................................................................75
DlMOueru Concepts in Action
ScflOOL Riding on A ir...........................................................................................82
3.3 Phase Changes..............................................................................................84
Chapter 4 Atomic Structure...........................................................98
4.1 Studying Atom s.........................................................................................100
D^puerij Concepts in Action
SCtiOOf Small-Scale Construction ................................................................106
4.2 The Structure of an A tom .......................................................................108
4.3 Modern Atomic Theory............................................................................113
Chapter 5 The Periodic Table......................................................124
5.1 Organizing the Elements.........................................................................126
5.2 The Modern Periodic Table....................................................................130
5.3 Representative Groups ............................................................................139
D^oueru Concepts in Action
ScflOOL Elemental Friends and Foes...............................................................146
vi
Chapter 6 Chemical Bonds...........................................................156
6.1 Ionic Bonding ...........................................................................................158
6.2 Covalent Bonding......................................................................................165
6.3 Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas......................................170
6.4 The Structure of Metals............................................................................1 76
DjSCOUBPM Concepts in Action
ScHOOt Chipping In .......................................................................................182
Chapter 7 Chemical Reactions...................................................190
7.1 Describing Reactions.................................................................................192
7.2 Types of Reactions ..................................................................................199
7.3 Energy Changes in Reactions..................................................................206
pijscouerii Concepts in Action
sffoot Firefighting...........................................................................................210
7.4 Reaction Rates ...........................................................................................212
7.5 Equilibrium ................................................................................................216
Chapter 8 Solutions, Acids, and Bases....................................226
8.1 Formation of Solutions............................................................................228
8.2 Solubility and Concentration..................................................................235
8.3 Properties of Acids and Bases ...............................................................240
8.4 Strength of Acids and Bases ..................................................................246
Discoueri) Concepts in Action
SotOOt River of Life...........................................................................................250
Chapter 9 Carbon Chemistry.................................................... 260
9.1 Carbon Compounds.................................................................................262
Discoueri) Concepts in Action
ScflOOL Breathing Easy ....................................................................................270
9.2 Substituted Hydrocarbons.......................................................................272
9.3 Polymers ......................................................................................................275
9.4 Reactions in Cells......................................................................................282
Chapter 10 Nuclear Chemistry ..
10.1 Radioactivity ..................
10.2 Rates of Nuclear Decay .
10.3 Artificial Transmutation .
Discoueri) Concepts in Action
SotOOL Nuclear Medicine . . .
10.4 Fission and Fusion . . . .
Physics 322
Careers in Physics .......................................................................................................................324
Chapter 11 Motion .......................................................................... 326
11.1 Distance and Displacement..................................................................328
11.2 Speed and Velocity.................................................................................332
Discouepu Concepts in Action
SCHOOL Navigation at Sea...............................................................................338
11.3 Acceleration..............................................................................................342
Chapter 12 Forces and M otion.................................................... 354
12.1 Forces ........................................................................................................356
12.2 Newton's First and Second Laws of Motion ...................................363
DiScpueri) Concepts in Action
ScflOOt Terminal Speed....................................................................................370
12.3 Newton's Third Law of Motiona nd Momentum.............................372
12.4 Universal Forces ......................................................................................378
Chapter 13 Forces in Fluids............................................................388
13.1 Fluid Pressure...........................................................................................390
1 3.2 Forces and Pressure in Fluids...............................................................394
gyeri) Concepts in Action
SotOOL Airplane Motion .................................................................................398
1 3.3 Buoyancy...................................................................................................400
Chapter 14 Work, Power, and Machines..................................410
14.1 Work and Power......................................................................................412
14.2 Work and Machines ..............................................................................417
14.3 Mechanical Advantage and Efficiency .............................................421
14.4 Simple Machines ....................................................................................427
Discoueru Concepts in Action
SotOCX Cearing Up for Better Bikes...............................................................436
Chapter 15 Energy ..........................................
15.1 Energy and Its Forms ..........................
15.2 Energy Conversion and Conservation
Di^coueni) Concepts in Action
SctIOOL Roller Coasters
15.3 Energy Resources
V•I I•I•
Chapter 16 Thermal Energy and Heat ......................................472
16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter ...............................................................474
16.2 Heat and Thermodynamics..................................................................479
DlSCOueri) Concepts in Action
ScflOOL Solar Home...........................................................................................484
16.3 Using Heat................................................................................................486
Chapter 17 Mechanical Waves and Sound...............................498
1 7.1 Mechanical Waves ...............................................................................500
1 7.2 Properties of Mechanical Waves..........................................................504
1 7.3 Behavior of Waves ...............................................................................508
17.4 Sound and Hearing...............................................................................514
DjSCQueri) Concepts in Action
SotOOL Now Hear This ....................................................................................522
Chapter 18 The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Light ------530
18.1 Electromagnetic Waves.........................................................................532
18.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum ..........................................................539
18.3 Behavior of Light ....................................................................................546
18.4 Color...........................................................................................................550
Discouerij Concepts in Action
SCHOOL New Light on Old A rt.........................................................................554
18.5 Sources of Light......................................................................................558
Chapter 19 Optics .............................................................................568
19.1 Mirrors........................................................................................................570
19.2 Lenses........................................................................................................574
19.3 Opticallnstruments ...............................................................................580
Discouepu Concepts in Action
SctOoE Fiber Optics .........................................................................................586
19.4 The Eye and Vision.................................................................................588
Chapter 20 Electricity......................................................................598
20.1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity ................................................600
20.2 Electric Current ......................................................................................604
20.3 Electric Circuits.........................................................................................609
DijScqueru Concepts in Action
SQKXX Getting Personal with Computers ..................................................614
20.4 Electronic Devices....................................................................................618
Chapter 21 Magnetism ..................................................................628
21.1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields .............................................................630
21.2 Electromagnetism....................................................................................635
Discouery Concepts in Action
SSOOE Peeking Inside the Human Body......................................................640
21.3 Electrical Energy Generation and Transmission..............................642
ix