Physical Health of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities (Int. Assoc. for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities) PDF
Preview Physical Health of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities (Int. Assoc. for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities)
Physical Health of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities Physical Health of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities Edited by Vee P. Prasher Monyhull Hospital, Kings Norton, Birmingham and Matthew P. Janicki University ofIllinoisat Chicago #2002byBlackwellPublishingLtd Firstpublished2002 EditorialOffices: OsneyMead,OxfordOX20EL,UK Acataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromthe Tel:+44(0)1865206206 BritishLibrary 108CowleyRoad,OxfordOX41JF,UK Tel:+44(0)1865791100 ISBN1–4051–0219–5 BlackwellPublishingUSA,350MainStreet, Malden,MA02148-5018,USA LibraryofCongress Tel:+17813888250 Cataloging-in-PublicationData IowaStatePress,aBlackwellPublishingCompany, Isavailable 2121StateAvenue,Ames,Iowa50014-8300,USA Tel:+15152920140 BlackwellMunksgaard,NørreSøgade35,POBox 2148,Copenhagen,DK-1016,Denmark Tel:+4577333333 BlackwellPublishingAsia,550SwanstonStreet, Carlton,Victoria3053,Australia Tel:+61(0)393470300 BlackwellVerlag,Kurfu¨rstendamm57, 10707Berlin,Germany Tel:+49(0)303279060 Setin10/13ptPalatino BlackwellPublishing,10rueCasimirDelavigne, byDPPhotosetting 75006Paris,France PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby Tel:+33153103310 MPGBooks,Bodmin,Cornwall TherightoftheAuthortobeidentifiedasthe Forfurtherinformationon AuthorofthisWorkhasbeenassertedin BlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsite: accordancewiththeCopyright,Designsand www.blackwellpublishing.com PatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmay bereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUK Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,without thepriorpermissionofthepublisher. To Dr Trevor Parmenterwho, through his leadershipof theIASSID and thoughtful guidancetothoseofuswiththeWorldHealthOrganization,providedtheimpetus for the development of this book and Suman, Monisha andAaran,whose support and patience were very much appreciated Contents Contributors xii SeriesForeword xiv Foreword xv Preface xvii 1 Epidemiological Issues 1 Helen Beange Introduction 1 Definitionof intellectualdisability (mental retardation) 1 Age-specific prevalence of intellectual disability 2 Risk factors for ill-health 2 Prevalence ofhealthproblems 4 Age distribution of health problems 5 Sex distribution of healthproblems 6 Distribution ofhealthproblems accordingto level of intelligence 6 Mortality 7 Morbidity 7 Individual health problems 8 Conclusion 13 References 14 2 Assessing Physical Health 21 Gerard J.Kerins Introduction 21 History taking 22 Review ofsystems 24 Physical examination 28 Investigations 31 Conclusions 33 References 33 3 Physical Health and ClinicalPhenotypes 35 Gregory O’Brien,Louise Barnard, Joanne Pearson andLisa Rippon Introduction 35 Life expectancy 36 Morbidity andmortality 36 viii Contents Chronicphysical deteriorating conditions 40 Majorspecific disorders 41 Mucopolysaccharidoses(MPS) 55 Sex chromosome aneuploidies 57 Other aneuploidies 58 Conclusion 59 References 60 4 Cerebral Palsy 63 Clyde E. Rapp and Margarita Torres Introduction 63 Epidemiology 64 Etiology 65 History 68 Clinicalissues 70 Diet and nutrition 76 The physical examination 76 Diagnosis 81 Conclusion 83 References 83 5 Visual Impairment 88 Mette Warburg Introduction 88 Definitionsof visual impairment 89 Prevalence of visual impairment 92 Errorsofrefraction 94 Medical causes ofvisual impairment 95 Cerebralvisual impairment 99 Ocular disorders in adults with Down syndrome 101 Cost of treatment 104 Coping 104 Prevention 105 Conclusion 106 References 107 6 Hearing Impairment 111 Sybil Yeates Introduction 111 Prevalence of hearingloss 112 Tests ofhearing 113 Causesofhearing impairment in peoplewith intellectual disabilities 119 Contents ix Management ofhearing loss 127 Conclusion 129 References 130 7 Epilepsy 133 Stephen Brown Introduction 133 What isepilepsy? 133 Definitionsand classification 134 Types of seizures and syndromesseen in peoplewith intellectual disabilities 135 Status epilepticus 138 Epidemiology 139 Diagnosisanddifferentialdiagnosis 140 Behavioral consequences 141 The special issue of Down syndrome 141 Management 143 When to start drug treatment 146 Choice of anti-epileptic drugs 147 Generalprinciplesof using anti-epileptic drugsinpeople withintellectualdisabilities 152 Conclusion 152 References 153 8 Endocrinological Issues 160 Aidan McElduff Introduction 160 Clinical issues 161 Lifelong care and appropriate stepping(mile) stones 162 Risk factors for endocrine problems 162 Endocrine and related disorders 164 Screening 175 Therapeutic approaches 176 Accesstohealthcare in theusual paradigm of health care delivery 176 Conclusion 178 References 178 9 Dentition andOral Health 181 Hans Malmstrom, Rosemeire R. Santos-TeachoutandYang-Fang Ren Introduction 181 Epidemiology 181 Intellectual disabilities and edentulism 182 x Contents Nutrition and dentures 183 Common oral diseasesinadults with intellectual disabilities 184 Oral infectiousdiseases 188 Oral facial tumors 189 Benigntumours 190 Premalignant lesions 190 Malignant lesions 191 Other oral problems 192 Interrelationshipsbetweenoral diseasesandsystemic diseases 195 Coordination of oral care 198 Conclusion 199 References 200 10 Nutritionand PhysicalHealth 204 Dawna Torres Mughal Introduction 204 Role of nutrition in health 205 Food, health andculture 205 Dietary guidelines for healthfuldiets 207 Nutritional needs 213 Conclusion 225 References 226 11 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention 230 Nicholas Lennox Introduction 230 What is health promotionand disease prevention? 230 The continuum of health promotion 231 Why isthe health promotionof peoplewith intellectual disabilities important? 234 What affects health for peoplewith intellectual disabilities? 235 How do we engage in healthpromotion for peoplewith intellectualdisabilities? 243 Systemicinterventions to improve the health ofadults with intellectualdisabilities 244 Conclusion 247 References 247 12 Barriersto Health Care Servicesand theRoleof thePhysician 252 Helen Baxter andMichael Kerr Introduction 252 Accessibility,mobility andsensory impairment 253
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