Physical geology : exploring the Earth PDF
Preview Physical geology : exploring the Earth
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY EXPLORING THE EARTH JamesS.Monroe ReedWicander TheRockCycle(Figure 1-15) Ridgeaxis Transform Subductionzone Zonesofextensionwithincontinents Uncertainplateboundary 'TheEarth'sPlates (Figure 1-13) Upwelling gp" Asthenospnere Upwelling Lithosphere "^ThreePrincipleTypesofPlateBoundaries (Figure 1-14) PHYSICAL GEOLOGY EXPLORING THE EARTH James S. Monroe ReedWicander CentralMichiganUniversity WEST PUBLISHING COMPANY St.Paul NewYork LosAngeles SanFrancisco PRODUCTION CREDITS Copyeditingand indexing Patricia Lewis COPYRIGHT© 1992 ByWESTPUBLISHINGCOMPANY Interiorand coverdesign Diane Beasley 610OppermanDrive Artwork Darwen andVally Hennings, Carlyn P.O.Box64526 Iverson, Precision Graphics, Rolin Graphics, and St.Paul,MN55164-0526 Victor Royer. Individual credits follow index. All rightsreserved Composition Carlisle Communications, Ltd. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Page layout DavidJ. Farr, ImageSmythe, Inc. Coverimage Frederic Edwin Church, detail of 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Cotopaxi (1862). Oil on canvas, 48 in. x 7 ft. 1 in. Copyright © The Detroit Institute ofArts, Founders Society Purchase with funds from Mr. LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGING-IN- PUBLICATIONDATA and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian, Robert H. Tannahill Foundation Fund, Gibbs-Williams Monroe,J.S. (James'S.) Fund, Dexter M. Ferry,Jr. Fund, Merrill Fund, Physicalgeology:exploringtheEarth/JamesS.Monroe, and Beatrice W. Rogers Fund. ReedWicander. p. cm. Frederic Edwin Church was one ofAmerica's ISBN0-314-00559-5 premier landscapepainters ofthe mid-nineteenth 1.Physicalgeology. I.Wicander,Reed, 1946-. II. Title. century. His paintings were magnificent in scope QE28.2.M655 1992 and soughtto integrate realism with the majesty 550-dc20 91-29160 ofnature. Cotopaxi, which shows the Ecuadoran CIP (go) volcano erupting, is an excellentexample of Church's work. This paintingwas chosen for the cover because ofits realism and to show how geology plays an integral part in the human endeavor. i.».».grafcTL.^.^.-m.».- >».'».^Tt.'».^.'»-^^'K-'^^*.'ysr«rT CONTENTS BRIEF Preface xvii 12 The Sea Floor 314 DevelopingCriticalThinkingandStudySkills xxiii 13 Plate Tectonics: A UnifyingTheory 340 1 Understandingthe Earth: An Introduction to 14 Deformation, Mountain Building, and the Physical Geology 2 Evolution ofContinents 376 2 A History ofthe Universe, SolarSystem, 15 Mass Wasting 414 and Planets 26 16 RunningWater 450 3 Minerals 54 17 Groundwater 484 4 Volcanism 80 18 Glaciers and Glaciation 514 5 Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous 19 The Work ofWind and Deserts 546 Activity 110 20 Shorelines and Shoreline Processes 572 6 Weathering, Erosion, and Soil 134 7 Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks 158 Answers to Multiple-Choice and Fill-in-the-Blank 8 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks 190 Review Questions 599 9 GeologicTime 214 Glossary 601 10 Earthquakes 250 Index 617 11 The Interiorofthe Earth 286 Credits 633 ys $?* 1 ryyy%3 CONTENTS Preface xvii ChapterSummary 22 Developing Critical Thinking and Study ImportantTerms 23 Skills xxiii Review Questions 23 Additional Readings 24 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 UNDERSTANDING THE EARTH: An Introduction to Physical Geology A HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE, SOLAR SYSTEM, AND PLANETS Prologue 3 Introduction 5 WhatIs Geology? 5 Prologue 27 Geology and the HumanExperience 7 Introduction 28 How Geology Affects OurEveryday Lives 8 The Origin ofthe Universe 29 Perspective 1—1: HowMuch Science Does the The Origin andEarly Developmentofthe PublicNeed to Know? 10 SolarSystem 30 General Characteristics ofthe Solar System 30 TheEarth as a DynamicPlanet 1 CurrentTheoryofthe Origin andEarlyHistoryof Perspective 1-2:The GaiaHypothesis 12 theSolar System 31 Geology and the FormulationofTheories 12 Meteorites 33 The FormulationofPlateTectonicTheory 14 ThePlanets 35 GuestEssay: Science: OurNeedto Know 15 TheTerrestrialPlanets 35 Mercury 35 PlateTectonicTheory 16 The Rock Cycle 16 Perspective2—1:TheTunguskaEvent 36 GeologicTime andUniformitarianism 21 Venus 38 Contents vii Perspective2—2:TheEvolution ofClimateon the FerromagnesianSilicates 66 Terrestrial Planets 40 Nonferromagnesian Silicates 67 Mars 43 Carbonate Minerals 67 TheJovian Planets 44 Perspective3-1: Quartz—A Common Jupiter 44 UsefulMineral 68 Saturn 44 OtherMineral Groups 68 Uranus 45 Physical PropertiesofMinerals 69 Neptuneand Pluto 45 Colorand Luster 69 The Origin andDifferentiation oftheEarlyEarth 46 CrystalForm 70 The Origin oftheEarth-Moon System 49 Cleavage and Fracture 71 ChapterSummary 51 Hardness 72 ImportantTerms 52 Specific Gravity 72 Review Questions 52 Perspective3-2: Diamonds and PencilLeads 73 Additional Readings 53 OtherProperties 74 ImportantRock-FormingMinerals 74 Mineral Resources and Reserves 76 ChapterSummary 78 ImportantTerms 78 ReviewQuestions 78 Additional Readings 79 CHAPTER MINERALS Prologue 55 Introduction 56 Matterand Its Composition 56 Elements and Atoms 56 VOLCANISM Bondingand Compounds 58 IonicBonding 58 CovalentBonding 59 Prologue 81 MetallicandvanderWaalsBonds 60 Introduction 84 Minerals 60 Magma and Lava 85 Naturally Occurring, InorganicSubstances 60 Composition 85 GuestEssay:Mineralogy: A Careerwith Diverse Temperature 86 Pursuits 61 Viscosity 86 Volcanism 87 TheNatureofCrystals 62 Volcanic Gases 87 ChemicalComposition 62 PhysicalProperties 64 Lava Flows and PyroclasticMaterials 87 Mineral Diversity 64 Perspective4—1:Volcanism in theSolar Mineral Groups 64 System 88 Silicate Minerals 65 Perspective4-2: VolcanicGases and Climate 90 Contents
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