Physical chemistry of biological interfaces

849 Pages·2000·66.251 MB·English

by  Adam Baszkin, Willem Norde

Physical Chemistry
of Biological
Interfaces
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Physical Chemistry
of Biological
-
Interfaces
edited by
Adam Baszkin
Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Surfaces,
UMR 8672 CNRS
Universite Paris-Sud
Chitenay-Malabrx France
Willem Norde
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science
Wageningen University
Wageningen, The Netherlands
m
M A II C E I.
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Preface
Biological systems are complex supramolecular assemblies and constitute reaction
sites with highly accumulatedf unctions. The greata dvances made during the lasste v-
eral decades in ouru nderstanding of biological cell and biological membrane
functions have been due mainly to the interest in this area of a number of scientific
disciplines ranging from chemistry and physics to molecular biology, stimulated by
the need for a multidisciplinary approach to investigating these supramolecular func-
tional architectures. The unifying power of physical surface chemistry in the devel-
opment of this research area, as witnessed by the great number of publications,
reviews, congresses, and schools, has enabledu s to approach complexb iological prob-
lems in a logical stepwise fashion. The characterization of biological interfaces often
requires modeling of interfacial phenomena encounteredi n these systems by the con-
cepts of surface sciencei n order to analyze them in termofs basic molecular features.
Major research interests center on extensive studies of adsorption phenomena that
are analogous to biological situations. They are focused on the concepts of forces
operating across interfaces, of electrical double layers at charged interfaces, and of
the structure of water adjacent to (bio)interfaces.
The adsorption or adhesiont o the surface of a biocomponent more often than
not triggers a change in its physicochemical properties which, in turn, affects its
biological functioning. Hence,t hep resence of interfaces plays ac rucial role in
biomedicinef, o od processing, environmental sciences, and variouos ther bio-
technological applications.
In the past decades, it has been fully recognized that, in addition to specific
interactions, generic physical-chemical interactions are omnipresent in various bio-
logical systems. This especially applies to mechanisms that control bio-interfacial
phenomena such as immobilization of enzymes in biocatalysis, biofouling, biofilm
formation, phagocytosis, membranefu sion, diffusion, and transport ibni omembranes.
Application of interfacial physicochemistry principles-initially developed for studies
of relatively simple, well-defined inorganic or synthetic molecules-to biological sys-
tems has revolutionized an understanding of molecular recognition interactions.
The purposeo f Physical Chemistry ofB iological Interfacesi s twofold: 1) to intro-
duce the most important fundamental conceopft sp hysical-chemical interfaces cience
applied to systems of biological origina nd 2) to serve asa comprehensive
state-of-the-art reference that addresses experimental techniques and applications
of surface science to biological systems. Theb ookc ontainsc ontributions from
outstanding specialists in physical chemistry who have an open eye for biological
applications, as well as contributionsf romm ore biologically oriented scientists
who employ physicochemical concepts.
ill
iV Preface
The first three chapters refer to the theories and principles of thermodynamics,
interfacial interactions,a nd electrical propertieso f charged interfaces and interphases
described at the hndamental level. They introduce the most important concepts of
interface science and provide essential background for approaching biological systems
with a straightforward logic.
Chapters 4-6 develop the topics of protein and polysaccharide adsorption with
a heavy emphasis on the physical aspects of the subject. Chapters 7-10 present
an incisive reviewo f biochemicala nd biophysical properties of biomembranes
followed by a survey of important recent experimental works designed to mimic
biomembrane processes. Such artificial assemblies of lipids, proteins, and
polysaccharides are expected top erform novel functionst hata ren ot efficiently
exercised by biological systems and enable the development of receptor-ligand inter-
action studies at a molecular level.
In Chapter 11, the text moves to enzymatic reactions at interfaces involving
thorough studies of their mechanisms. The material presented in Chapters 12-14
is dedicated to comprehension of cell adhesion with solid surfacesa nd cell-cell
interactions. Special emphasis is given to the role of the bending elasticity concept
of shape transitions of free and adhering cells and to short- and long-range forces
that control cell adhesion to solid surfaces. An overview of the main classes of cell
adhesion molecules and of the role of cell glycocalyx in establishing the first bond
and extension of the contact area between adhering cells is giveni n Chapter 14.
Thermodynamic and kinetic models for the extension of contact area during cell
adhesion, as well as the different methods of measuring adhesive strength in cell
detachment experiments, are largely developed.
In Chapters 15-24 the reader will find a detailed description of recently devel-
opedm ethods and techniques akin toa ccuratem easurements of biointerfacial
phenomenpaa ,r ticulatrhl yoa sp ep lied to quantitatiuvn ed erstanding of
structure-propertyr e lationships and molecularr e cognitioni n teractionsT. hese
chapters cover axisymmetric drop shape analysis, Brewster angle microscopy,
ellipsometry, neutron and x-rayr eflectivity, time-resolved fluorescence techniques,
circudlai cr hroism and infrared spectroscopy, asnc da nning force and
cryotransmission microscopies.
We expect that Physical Chemistry of Biological Interfaces will be valuable to
anyone who wants to appreciate the wide range of biointerfaces from hndamentals
to applications. Owing to its interdisciplinary character, the bookw ill be appreciated
by physical chemistsa nd biologists from academiaa nd industrialc ommunities
and also by graduate students who need a conceptual frameworskh owing how studies
in these diverse areas are related to one another.
Finally, our deep gratitude goes to the excellent secretarial services provided by
TheresiaF raboulet at Laboratoired eP hysico-Chimied es Surfaces, UMR 8612
CNRS, Universitk Paris-Sud, Chltenay-Malabry and by Yvonne, Wil, and Josie at
the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Scienceo f Wageningen University.
The book could not have been edited without their efficient typing, checking of
references and illustrations, and maintaining our correspondence with the authors
and the publisher.
Adum Baszkin
Willem Norde
Contents
...
Preface 111
Contributors vii
1. Interfacial Thermodynamics with SpecialR eference to Biological Systems 1
J Lyklema
2. Electrostatic and Electrodynamic Properties of Biological Interphases 49
J M. Kleijn and H. P van Leeuwen
3. Interfacial Interactions 85
H. Wennerstrom
4. Proteins at Solid Surfaces 115
W Norde
5. Proteins at Liquid Interfaces 137
I;: MacRitchie
6. Polysaccharides at Interfaces 155
!L Rosilio and A. Baszkin
7. Structure and Properties of Membranes 17 1
Barenholz and G. Cevc
8. Attempts to Mimic Biomembrane Processes: Recognition- and
Organization-Induced Functions in Biological and Synthetic
Supramolecular Systems 243
H. Ringsdorf
9. Self-Assemblies of Biomembrane Mimics 283
7: Kunitake
10. Biosimulation with Liposomes and Lipid Monolayers 3 07
J Sunamoto
11. Enzymatic Reactions at Interfaces: Interfacial and Temporal
Organization of Enzymatic Lipolysis 359
I. Panaiotov and R. Verger
V
Vi Contents
12. Mimicking Physics of Cell Adhesion 401
R. Simson and E. Sackmann
13. Physicochemistry of Microbial Adhesion From an Overall
Approach to the Limits 431
H. J Busscher, R. Bos, H. C. van der Mei, and P S. Handley
14. Cell-Cell Interactions 459
A. Pierres, A. Benoliel, and P Bongrand
15. Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis 523
P Chen, 0.I . del Rio, and A. W Neumann
16. Brewster Angle Microscopy 559
C. Lheveder, S. Hknon, and J Meunier
17. Ellipsometry 577
H. Arwin
18. The Application of Neutron and X-Ray Specular Reflection to
Proteins at Interfaces 609
J R. Lu and R. K. Thomas
19 . Time-Resolved Fluorescence Techniques Applied to Biological Interfaces 651
A. van Hoek and A. J. W G. Visser
20. Circular Dichroism of Proteins in Solution and at Interfaces 673
C. P. M. van Mierlo, H. H. J de Jongh, and A. J W G. Visser
21. Infrared Spectroscopy of Biophysical Monomolecular Films at
Interfaces: Theory and Applications 711
R. A. Dluhy
22. Fluorescence Microscopy for Studying Biological Model
Systems: Phospholipid Monolayers and Chiral Discrimination Effects 749
K. J. Stine
23. Scanning Force Microscopy in Biology 769
D. J. Keller
24 Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy 799
D. Danino and Y: Talmon
Index 823
Contributors
H. Arwin Laboratory of Applied Optics, Department of Physics and Measurement
Technology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
Y. Barenholz Laboratory of Membranea ndL iposomeR esearch,D epartment of
Biochemistry, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
AB. aszkin Laboratoired eP hysico-Chimied esS urfaces UMR 8612 CNRS,
Universite Paris-Sud, Chitenay-Malabry, France
BAe n. oliel Laboratoire d’Immunologie, INSERM U3H8B 7p, ital de
Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France
P. Bongrand Laboratoire d’Immunologie, INSERM U3H8B 7,p ital de
Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France
R. Bos Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen,
Groningen, The Netherlands
H. J. Busscher Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen,
Groningen, The Netherlands
G. Cevc Department ofB iophysics, Klinikum r.d.I., The Technical Universityo f
Munich, Munich, Germany
P. Chen Department of Mechanicala ndI ndustrialE ngineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
H. H. J. deJ ongh Centre for Protein Technology, Wageningen University and
Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
0. I. del Rio Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
R. A.D luhy Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
vii