Physical Activity: A Multi-Disciplinary Introduction

491 Pages·2018·5.657 MB·English

by  Draper, Nick(Editor);Stratton, Gareth(Editor)

Physical Activity
Physical activity and its relationship to health is one of the great issues of our age. The causes
of, and solutions to, physical inactivity are complex and multi-dimensional, and therefore the
subject needs to be studied and understood from a variety of perspectives. This is the fi rst
textbook to provide a truly multi-disciplinary introduction to physical activity studies.
Off ering a complete foundation to the subject, it covers the basics of every core discipline,
from biochemistry, public health and biomechanics to physiology, sport psychology and
sociology. It introduces a full range of topics across the physical activity curriculum, including
behaviour change, motor skill development, nutrition, exercise prescription, public health
policy, and physical education, providing a well-balanced and international perspective on
each important issue. There is also a strong emphasis throughout the book on the practical,
applied dimensions of physical activity, including innovative approaches to promotion and
intervention tailored to every age range and environment.
Physical Activity: A Multi-disciplinary Introduction i s an indispensable companion to any course
or degree programme with an emphasis on physical activity and health. A variety of exclusive
eResources to aid teaching and learning are also available via the Routledge website.
Nick Draper is Professor of Sport and Exercise Science at the University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand. His teaching is in the area of exercise physiology and he is
Programme Director for the Master of Sport Science programme. His research interests focus
on psychophysiology in relation to rock climbing, rugby performance and physical activity. He
is Chair of SESNZ, the national organisation for Sport and Exercise Science in New Zealand,
and a founder member of the International Rock Climbing Research Association.
Gareth Stratton is Head of the School of Sport and Exercise Sciences and Director of the
Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre at Swansea
University, UK. He is also Adjunct Professor at the University of Western Australia. Professor
Stratton began his career as a physical education teacher. This led him to his main areas of
academic interest: children, maturation and physical activity, and physical activity, fi tness and
health. He has been involved in physical activity measurement studies for nearly 30 years
and he continues his interest in the development of novel sensor technologies to detect and
stimulate changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviour.

Physical Activity
A Multi-disciplinary Introduction
Edited by Nick Draper and Gareth Stratton
First published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 selection and editorial matter, Nick Draper and Gareth Stratton; individual
chapters, the contributors
The right of Nick Draper and Gareth Stratton to be identifi ed as the authors of the
editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book
ISBN: 978-1-138-69661-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-69662-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-52385-9 (ebk)
Typeset in Perpetua
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Visit the eResources: www.routledge.com/9781138696624
Contents
PART I
Foundations in physical activity 1
1 Physical activity: a multi-disciplinary introduction 3
Nick Draper and Gareth Stratton
2 Foundations in the science of physical activity 8
Helen Marshall and Louise Sheppard
3 Historical aspects of physical activity 32
David Broom
4 Physical inactivity and ill health 46
Duck-chul Lee and Laura Ellingson
5 Physical activity and health 66
Ian Lahart, George Metsios and Chris Kite
6 Measuring physical activity behaviours and outcomes in children
and adults 95
Stuart J. Fairclough, Robert J. Noonan and Whitney B. Curry
7 Physical activity prescription 124
Michael J. Hamlin
PART II
Sport science disciplines and physical activity 149
8 Growth and development and physical activity 151
Lynne Boddy and Gareth Stratton
9 Motor skill development and physical activity 164
Jenny Clarke
10 Exercise physiology and physical activity 175
Michael J. Duncan
11 Paediatric physical activity and aerobic fi tness 186
Neil Armstrong
vi Contents
12 Nutrition and physical activity 205
Daniel Bailey, Julia Zakrzewski-Fruer and Faye Powell
13 Biochemistry and physical activity 227
Angus Lindsay and Chris Chamberlain
14 Psychology and physical activity 250
Brad H. Miles
15 Neurophysiology and physical activity 263
Michael J. Grey, Simon Franklin and Nick Kitchen
16 Biomechanics and physical activity 277
Neil D. Reeves and Steven J. Brown
17 Sociology and physical activity 289
Ross Neville
PART III
Applied physical activity 305
18 Physical activity in natural environments 307
Carly Wood, Miles Richardson and Jo Barton
19 Urban physical activity 322
Brad Harasymchuk and Chris North
20 School Gym and physical activity : a case study in whole
school approach to physical activity 332
Dylan Blain and Mark Bellamy
21 Physical activity promotion strategies 348
Clover Maitland and Michael Rosenberg
22 School physical education and physical activity 367
Gareth Stratton and Nick Draper
23 Physical activity and older adults 381
Gladys Onambele-Pearson, Declan Ryan, David Tomlinson and Jorgen Wullems
24 Public health policy and physical activity 404
Justin Varney, Michael Brannan and Kevin Fenton
25 Improving policy to promote physical activity : getting to grips with
health inequalities 420
Tess Kay
26 International perspectives on physical activity 433
Adrian Bauman
Appendix: fi gure 8.1 447
Notes on contributors 450
Index 467
Figures
2.1 Divisions of the nervous system 13
2.2 Myelinated neuron 15
2.3 Anterior (a) and posterior (b) views of the human skeleton 18
2.4 Anterior (a) and posterior (b) views of the superfi cial skeletal muscles
of the body 21
2.5 Main structures of the respiratory system 24
2.6 Anatomy of the heart: (a) anterior surface structures, (b) anterior view
of heart frontal section 27
2.7 Circuits of the circulatory system and direction of blood fl ow (arrows) 28
4.1 Spectrum of sedentary behavior and physical activity 47
4.2 Risk factors of sedentary behavior and physical inactivity 48
4.3 A week’s worth of data in four individuals with diff erent activity and sedentary
behavior patterns 52
4.4 Hazard ratios of all-cause mortality by combinations of changes in
cardiorespiratory fi tness and body mass index 57
5.1 Multivariable-adjusted with body mass index hazard ratios and 95%
confi dence intervals for leisure time moderate- to vigorous-intensity
physical activity and premature mortality risk 68
5.2 Continuous risk curves for association between meeting recommended
physical activity guidelines and risk of ischemic heart disease ischemic
stroke, diabetes, breast cancer, and colon cancer 69
5.3 Pooled hazard ratio and 95% confi dence intervals for each
comparison group 73
5.4 Comparison of the rare event scenario and the more common
event scenario 76
5.5 Pooled risk ratio and 95% confi dence intervals for the impact
of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on total and cardiovascular
mortality and clinical outcomes 79
6.1 Relationship between PA intensity and energy expenditure 96
6.2 Feasibility-validity continuum of PA measurement methods 97
6.3 Accelerometer count measured PA profi le of 10-year-old boy during
the school day 102
6.4 SOFIT data depicting MVPA of boys and girls in diff erent Physical
Education lesson contexts and time spent in each context 106
viii Figures
6.5 Example Previous Day PA Recall questionnaire format 112
7.1 Overview of the physical activity prescription process 125
7.2 Physical activity prescription goals 127
7.3 Example of an informed consent 130
7.4 The FITT principle 132
7.5 Adult physical activity recommendations from ACSM 135
7.6 Rate of progression 137
7.7 Example of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) 140
7.8 Child physical activity recommendations from ACSM 144
8.1 UK body mass index growth charts for girls and boys aged 2–20 years 448
8.2 Maturational changes in absolute and relative peak oxygen uptake
for boys and girls 156
10.1 VO values (litres/min) for a 9-year-old engaged in sedentary activity,
2
light and moderate intensity physical activity 177
10.2 Typical oxygen consumption and EPOC pattern demonstrated as a
consequence of submaximal arm crank ergometry in an adult male 178
10.3 Mean SE of body fat percentage, determined by BIA, in 201
independently living adults aged 50–80 years 182
12.1 The Eatwell Guide 207
13.1 J-curve highlighting the risk of infection based on exercise intensity 228
13.2 The eff ect of exercise on oxidative status 234
14.1 Dual approach conceptualisation of research in exercise psychology
depicting a bidirectional relationship between physical activity
and psychological processes 251
16.1 Exemplar kinematic and kinetic traces during walking 279
16.2 Stages of biomechanical modelling 280
16.3 Diagram illustrating the development of joint moments around
the knee and ankle joints 282
19.1 The joys of unicycling for an eight-year-old girl 322
20.1 Conceptual model outlining the theoretical background underpinning
School Gym 333
20.2 The points and levelling up ladder 340
20.3 The activity matrix 341
20.4 The achievement unlockables 341
21.1 A simple ecological model for conceptualising individual and
environmental infl uences on physical activity behaviour 353
21.2 Find Thirty ® every day physical activity campaign strategy mix 360
22.1 Sensor derived performance of high and low skilled children
completing the Dragon Challenge V1.0 assessment of physical
competency 376
23.1 The links between structured modalities of training and physical
fi tness characteristics targeted in over 65s 383
23.2 A balance representing the overall fi ndings of indoor vs. outdoor
exercise in the elderly 390
23.3 The number of CVD and cancer deaths in the United Kingdom for
2014 throughout older age 392
Figures ix
24.1 UK Chief Medical Offi cers’ Guidelines on Physical Activity across
the life course infographics 406
24.2 Infographic of geographical inequalities in physical activity in England
in 2016 410
24.3 Outline of some of the key stakeholders for physical activity 411
25.1 Conceptualising the social determinants of health 424
26.1 History of physical activity international policy and national-level
eff orts since 2000 436