Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications 2 PDF
Preview Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications 2
SpringerSeriesin OPTICAL SCIENCES 114 foundedbyH.K.V.Lotsch Editor-in-Chief: W.T.Rhodes,Atlanta EditorialBoard: A.Adibi,Atlanta T.Asakura,Sapporo T.W.Ha¨nsch,Garching T.Kamiya,Tokyo F.Krausz,Garching B.Monemar,Linko¨ping H.Venghaus,Berlin H.Weber,Berlin H.Weinfurter,Mu¨nchen SpringerSeriesin OPTICAL SCIENCES TheSpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences,undertheleadershipofEditor-in-ChiefWilliamT.Rhodes,Georgia InstituteofTechnology,USA,providesanexpandingselectionofresearchmonographsinallmajorareas ofoptics:laserandquantumoptics,ultrafastphenomena,opticalspectroscopytechniques,optoelectronics, quantuminformation,informationoptics,appliedlasertechnology,industrialapplications,andothertopics ofcontemporaryinterest. Withthisbroadcoverageoftopics,theseriesisofusetoallresearchscientistsandengineerswhoneed up-to-datereferencebooks. Theeditorsencourageprospectiveauthorstocorrespondwiththeminadvanceofsubmittingamanuscript. Submission of manuscripts should be made to the Editor-in-Chief or one of the Editors. See also http://springeronline.com/series/624 Editor-in-Chief WilliamT.Rhodes GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering Atlanta,GA30332-0250,USA E-mail:[email protected] EditorialBoard AliAdibi BoMonemar SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering DepartmentofPhysics VanLeerElectricalEngineeringBuilding andMeasurementTechnology GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology MaterialsScienceDivision 777AtlanticDriveNW Linko¨pingUniversity Atlanta,GA30332-0250 58183Linko¨ping,Sweden [email protected] E-mail:[email protected] ToshimitsuAsakura HerbertVenghaus Hokkai-GakuenUniversity Heinrich-Hertz-Institut FacultyofEngineering fu¨rNachrichtentechnikBerlinGmbH 1-1,Minami-26,Nishi11,Chuo-ku Einsteinufer37 Sapporo,Hokkaido064-0926,Japan 10587Berlin,Germany E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] TheodorW.Ha¨nsch HorstWeber Max-planck-Institutfu¨rQuantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse1 TechnischeUniversita¨tBerlin 85748Garching,Germany OptischesInstitut Email:[email protected] Strassedes17.Juni135 10623Berlin,Germany TakeshiKamiya E-mail:[email protected] MinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports ScienceandTechnology HaraldWeinfurter NationalInstitutionforAcademicDegrees Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨tMu¨nchen 3-29-1Otsuka,Bunkyo-ku SektionPhysik Tokyo112-0012,Japan Schellingstrasse4/III E-mail:[email protected] 80799Mu¨nchen,Germany E-mail:[email protected] FerencKrausz Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rQuantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse1 85748Garching,Germany E-mail:[email protected] Peter Gu¨nter Jean-Pierre Huignard (Editors) Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications 2 Materials With370Illustrations PeterGu¨nter Jean-PierreHuignard InstituteofQuantumElectronics ThalesResearchandTechnologyFrance NonlinearOpticsLaboratory RD128 SwissFederalInstituteofTechnology 91767PalaiseauCedex ETHHoenggerbergHPFE8 France CH-8093Zurich Email:[email protected] Switzerland Email:[email protected] With370figures. LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006924882 ISBN-10:0-387-33924-8 e-ISBN0-387-34081-5 Printedonacid-freepaper. ISBN-13:978-0387-33924-5 (cid:2)C 2007SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermis- sionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013, USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwith anyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilaror dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject toproprietaryrights. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preface In this second volume of the book series devoted to photorefractive effects we examine the most recent developments in the field of photorefractive materials andhighlightthefactorsthatgovernphotoinducednonlinearity.Theavailability ofmaterialshavingtherequiredpropertiesisofmajorimportanceforfurtherde- velopmentofthisfield,andtherearemanyparametersthathavetobeconsidered inthefigureofmeritofaphotorefractivematerial.Asanexampletherecording slopeofthedynamichologramandthesaturationvalueoftheindexmodulation arespecificcharacteristicsofagivenmaterial.However,otherfeatures,suchas spectral sensitivity range, dark storage time, material stability, and power han- dling capabilities, are also critical parameters to consider in using crystals for advanced applications in laser photonics. There is a large diversity of potential materialsthatexhibitinterestingphotorefractiveproperties,suchasferroelectric andnonferroelectricelectroopticalcrystals,semi-insulatingsemiconductors,and electroopticalpolymers.Ifthebasicmechanismsforspacechargerecordingare well established, it is now required to have a very precise and extended knowl- edge of the physics of the charge transfer and related mechanisms that arise in dopedmaterials.Also,wemustknowthematerialresponsefordifferentcondi- tionsofhologramrecordingwavelength,laserintensity,andcontinuousorpulsed regimes.Theseresearchachievementsonthephysicsofphotorefractivematerials isofgreatimportanceinoptimizingandtailoringmaterialproperties.Themain purposeofthissecondvolumeistohighlighttheadvancesinmaterialsresearch includingcrystal-growingconditionsandmaterialpreparationsandtheirimpact onphotorefractiveperformance.Followingthisobjective,thereaderwillfindin thisbookverydetailedanalysisofmaterialsphysics:investigationsofdefectsin crystals, growing of stoichiometric LiNbO or LiTaO , a new crystal Sn P S 3 3 2 2 6 forthenearinfrared,quantum-wellsemiconductorstructuresandsillenites.Be- sides conventional electrooptical crystals, this volume also deals with organic photorefractive materials. Great progress has been made recently in materials sensitivityandefficiencyunderanappliedelectricfield.Itisundoubtlyaclassof materialsofgrowinginterest.Weareconfidentthatnewadvanceswillbemade in the chemistry and synthesis of polymers for better control and optimization ofphotorefractiveproperties.Acloselyrelatedfieldisthephotorefractiveeffect in liquid crystals, which exhibit attractive features due to their large photoin- ducedindexmodulation.Wealsooutlineinthisvolumetwoothercontributions that have an important impact on applications: the mechanisms of permanent photoinduced gratings in silica-glass fibers used as wavelength-selective Bragg v vi Preface filtersandthegrowingofmaterialslikeLiNbO ,whichhavetobehighlyresistant 3 tophotorefractivedamageforelectroopticalandnonlinearopticalapplications. Thisvolumegivesanin-depthreviewofthepresentunderstandingofthefunda- mentaloriginsoftheeffectinavarietyofmaterials.Allthematerialsconsidered inthisvolumewillplayasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofapplicationssuch aspresentedinthethirdvolumeofthisseries.Forfurtherprogressinthefieldof photorefractive nonlinear optics it is therefore most important to stimulate sig- nificant research efforts in the basic physical phenomena of different materials. These research achievements may contribute to the discovery of a new class of photorefractivematerialsorallowtheoptimizationoftheperformanceofexisting materials. We would like to thank all the authors of chapters for the excellent overview of their contributions. We hope that this collection of articles will be a helpful source of scientific information for students, scientists, and engineers working inthefieldorlookingforanextendedanalysisofphotoinducedphenomenaand parametersthatcontrolthenonlinearbehaviorofmaterials. P.Gu¨nter,Zurich J.P.Huignard,Paris June2005 Contents Preface.................................................................................. v Contributors........................................................................... xiii ListofSymbols....................................................................... xvii 1 Introduction..................................................................... 1 P.Gu¨nterandJ.P.Huignard 2 DefectsinInorganicPhotorefractiveMaterialsand TheirInvestigations............................................................ 9 B.Briat,V.G.Grachev,G.I.Malovichko,O.F.Schirmer,andM.Wo¨hlecke 2.1 Introduction................................................................. 9 2.2 ClassificationandGeneralPropertiesofDefects....................... 10 2.3 MethodsofDefectInvestigation......................................... 14 2.4 DefectsinLiNbO (LN)................................................... 17 3 2.5 DefectsinOxidePerovskites............................................. 24 2.6 DefectsintheSillenitesBi MO 12 20 (BMO,M=Si,Ge,Ti) ................................................... 32 2.7 DefectsinOtherPhotorefractiveMaterials............................. 37 2.8 Hydrogen.................................................................... 41 2.9 Summary.................................................................... 41 3 RecordingSpeedandDeterminationofBasic MaterialsProperties........................................................... 51 IvanBiaggio 3.1 Introduction................................................................. 51 3.2 TheoreticalReview......................................................... 54 3.3 DeterminationofMaterialProperties.................................... 69 3.4 Conclusions................................................................. 79 4 PhotorefractiveEffectsinLiNbO andLiTaO ........................... 83 3 3 KarstenBuse,Jo¨rgImbrock,EckhardKra¨tzig,andKonradPeithmann 4.1 Introduction................................................................. 83 4.2 FundamentalsofPhotorefractiveEffects................................ 84 4.3 Light-InducedChargeTransport......................................... 85 vii viii Contents 4.4 PhotorefractivePropertiesandPerformanceLimits................... 100 4.5 EffectsatHighLightIntensities.......................................... 106 4.6 ThermalFixing............................................................. 112 4.7 HolographicScattering.................................................... 116 4.8 Conclusions................................................................. 121 5 GrowthandPhotorefractivePropertiesofStoichiometric LiNbO andLiTaO ............................................................ 127 3 3 HidekiHatano,YouwenLiu,andKenjiKitamura 5.1 GrowthandBasicPropertiesofStoichiometricLiNbO 3 andLiTaO .................................................................. 128 3 5.2 PhotorefractivePropertiesofStoichiometricLiNbO ................ 136 3 5.3 HolographicPropertiesofStoichiometricLiNbO .................... 140 3 5.4 HolographyUsingPhotochromisminStoichiometricLiNbO ....... 146 3 5.5 HolographyUsingUndopedStoichiometricLiTaO .................. 153 3 5.A Appendix.................................................................... 159 6 OpticalDamageResistanceinLithiumNiobate.......................... 165 T.Volk,M.Wo¨hlecke,andN.Rubinina 6.1 Introduction................................................................. 165 6.2 Impurity-andComposition-ControlledOpticalDamage ResistanceinLiNbO ...................................................... 167 3 6.3 IncorporationofOptical-Damage-ResistantIons intotheLiNbO Lattice................................................... 176 3 6.4 MicroscopicOriginofOpticalDamageResistance.................... 185 6.5 OpticalPropertiesofLiNbO CrystalsDopedwith 3 Optical-Damage-ResistantIons.......................................... 190 6.6 AnOutlineofPracticalPotentialsofOptical-Damage-Resistant LiNbO Crystals ........................................................... 194 3 6.7 Conclusion.................................................................. 197 7 PhotorefractiveEffectsinKNbO ........................................... 205 3 MarkoZgonik,MichaelEwart,CarolinaMedrano,andPeterGu¨nter 7.1 Introduction................................................................. 205 7.2 IntrinsicPropertiesofKNbO ............................................ 206 3 7.3 DopedKNbO .............................................................. 211 3 7.4 PhotorefractiveDataonReducedandUnreducedKNbO ............ 220 3 7.5 Conclusions................................................................. 235 8 PhotorefractivePropertiesofBaTiO ...................................... 241 3 MarvinB.Klein 8.1 BasicPropertiesandTechnology......................................... 242 8.2 BandStructureandDefects............................................... 250 Contents ix 8.3 Band-TransportModel..................................................... 256 8.4 PhysicalMeasurementsUsingthePhotorefractiveEffect............. 263 8.5 OtherMeasurementsinPhotorefractiveCrystals...................... 270 8.6 OptimizationofPhotorefractiveProperties............................. 276 8.7 Conclusions................................................................. 281 9 Space-ChargeWavesinSillenites:Rectificationand Second-HarmonicGeneration............................................... 285 M.P.PetrovandV.V.Bryksin 9.1 MajorCharacteristicsofSillenitesasHolographicMaterials........ 285 9.2 Space-ChargeWaves....................................................... 297 10 PhotorefractiveEffectsinSn P S .......................................... 327 2 2 6 AlexanderA.Grabar,MojcaJazbinsˇek,AlexanderN.Shumelyuk, YulianM.Vysochanskii,GermanoMontemezzani,andPeterGu¨nter 10.1 Introduction................................................................ 327 10.2 PhysicalProperties....................................................... 328 10.3 PhotorefractiveEffects................................................... 339 10.4 OpticalPhaseConjugationsandSelf-Oscillations.................... 352 10.5 Conclusion................................................................. 359 11 PhotorefractiveSemiconductorsandQuantum-WellStructures...... 363 D.D.Nolte,S.Iwamoto,andK.Kuroda 11.1 BulkPhotorefractiveSemiconductors.................................. 363 11.2 PhotorefractiveSemiconductorHeterostructures..................... 370 12 RecentProgressinSemiconductorPhotorefractiveCrystals.......... 391 KonstantinShcherbin 12.1 Introduction................................................................ 391 12.2 OptimizationofSemiconductorsforPhotorefraction................ 393 12.3 ApplicationsofOptimizedPhotorefractiveSemiconductors........ 409 12.4 SpatialSubharmonicsinaPhotorefractiveSemiconductor......... 412 12.5 Conclusions................................................................ 414 13 AmorphousOrganicPhotorefractiveMaterials.......................... 419 ReinhardBittnerandKlausMeerholz 13.1 Introduction................................................................ 420 13.2 Physics/Theory............................................................ 422 13.3 ExperimentalTechniques................................................ 444 13.4 AmorphousPhotorefractiveMaterials................................. 463 13.5 Conclusion................................................................. 479 x Contents 14 OrganicPhotorefractiveMaterialsandTheirApplications............ 487 BernardKippelen 14.1 Introduction................................................................ 487 14.2 MolecularandBulkNonlinearOptics................................. 488 14.3 PhotoconductingPropertiesofOrganicMaterials.................... 498 14.4 ThePhotorefractiveEffectinOrganicMaterials...................... 504 14.5 OrganicPhotorefractiveMaterials...................................... 512 14.6 Applications............................................................... 523 14.7 ConclusionandOutlook................................................. 526 15 PhotosensitivityandTreatmentsforEnhancingthe PhotosensitivityofSilica-BasedGlassesandFibers..................... 535 P.Niay,B.Poumellec,M.Lancry,andM.Douay 15.1 Introduction................................................................ 535 15.2 ExamplesofMethodsUsedforMeasuringPhotoinduced RefractiveIndexChange................................................. 539 15.3 ExamplesofMethodsUsedforIncreasing thePhotosensitivityofV-Silica-BasedGlassorFiber toUVLaserIllumination................................................ 542 15.4 FactorsonWhichDependsthePhotosensitiveResponse ofSilica-BasedGlasses.................................................. 546 15.5 MechanismsofPhotosensitivityinGermano-SilicateGlasses...... 551 15.6 StabilityofPhotoinducedChangesinRefractiveIndex............. 556 15.7 Conclusion................................................................. 560 16 PhotorefractiveEffectsinLiquidCrystals................................. 571 F.SimoniandL.Lucchetti 16.1 Introduction................................................................ 571 16.2 FirstObservationsofPhotorefractivityinNematic LiquidCrystals............................................................ 573 16.3 EffectsofDielectricandConductivityAnisotropies ................ 576 16.4 PhotorefractivityBasedonThermodiffusivity........................ 583 16.5 ThePhotoelectricEffect................................................. 585 16.6 PhenomenaRelatedtoChargeInjection............................... 591 16.7 PhotorefractivityinPolymer-DispersedLiquidCrystals............. 597 16.8 Conclusion................................................................. 603 17 PhotorefractiveEffectsinOrganicPhotochromicMaterials........... 607 EunkyoungKim 17.1 Introduction................................................................ 607 17.2 AzobenzeneandAzo-ContainingMaterials........................... 609
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