Photonics and lasers : an introduction

533 Pages·2006·7.449 MB·English

by  Richard S Quimby

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Photonics and Lasers
An Introduction
Richard S. Quimby
Department of Physics
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester, MA
A Wiley-Interscience Publication
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
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Photonics and Lasers
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Photonics and Lasers
An Introduction
Richard S. Quimby
Department of Physics
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester, MA
A Wiley-Interscience Publication
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
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Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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ISBN-13 978-0-471-71974-8
ISBN-10 0-471-71974-9
Printed in the United States of America.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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To my parents
who have given me much more
than these few words can say
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2
Chapter
Contents
Preface xi 4. Cylindrical Waveguides 43
4-1 Acceptance Angle and
Part 1 Propagation of Light Numerical Aperture 43
4-2 Cylindrical Waveguide
1. Overview 1 Modes 46
Number of Modes 46
1-1 Photonics Defined 1
Mode Patterns 49
1-2 Fiber Optic Communications 2
Single-mode Fibers 49
1-3 Overview of Topics 3
Mode Chart 51
Gaussian Mode
2. Review of Optics 7
Approximation 52
2-1 The Nature of Light 7
Phase and Group Velocity 9 5. Losses in Optical Fibers 55
Energy in a Light Wave 10
2-2 Light at a Boundary 11 5-1 Absorption Loss 55
Snell’s Law 11 5-2 Scattering 57
Fresnel’s Equations 12 Rayleigh Scattering 57
Brewster’s Angle 14 Brillouin Scattering 59
Total Internal Reflection 15 Raman Scattering 60
2-3 Light Passing through 5-3 Bending Losses 62
Apertures 19 Geometrical Optics View 63
Diffraction 19 Physical Optics View 63
Interference 20 Length Scale for Bending
2-4 Imaging Optics 23 Loss 65
Mode Coupling 65
3. Planar Waveguides 29 Cladding Modes 66
3-1 Waveguide Modes 29
6. Dispersion in Optical Fibers 69
Effective Index 33
Mode Velocities 33 6-1 Graded Index Fiber 69
3-2 Mode Chart 36 6-2 Intramodal Dispersion 70
Field Distribution in a Mode 38 Material Dispersion 70
3-3 Dispersion 39 Waveguide Dispersion 74
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viii Contents
Polarization-mode
Part 2 Generation and Detection of Light
Dispersion 75
Total Fiber Dispersion 77
10. Review of Semiconductor Physics 159
7. Fiber Connections and Diagnostics 79 10-1 Uniform Semiconductors 159
Energy Bands 159
7-1 Fiber Connections 79
Energy and Momentum 163
Fiber Splice 79
Radiative Efficiency 167
Fiber Connector 79
10-2 Layered Semiconductors 170
Fiber Coupler 80
The p–n Junction 171
7-2 Losses in Fiber Connections 82
Semiconductor Heterojunctions:
Multimode Fiber 83
The Quantum Well 177
Single-Mode fiber 84
Metal–Semiconductor
7-3 Fiber Loss Diagnostics 85
Junctions 178
Cutback Method 85
Optical Time Domain
11. Light Sources 185
Reflectometer 86
11-1 The LED 185
8. Photonic Crystal Optics 93 Biasing and Optical
Power 185
8-1 1-D Photonic Crystals 93
Time and Frequency
Step-Index Grating 93
Response 187
Sinusoidal Index Grating 97
Emission Efficiency 191
Photonic Band Gap 102
11-2 The Laser Diode 195
8-2 2-D Photonic Crystals 106
Properties of Lasers 195
Planar Geometry 107
Types of Semiconductor
Fiber Geometry 111
Lasers 200
8-3 3-D Photonic Crystals 117
12. Light Source to Waveguide 215
9. Nonlinear Optics 123
Coupling Efficiency
9-1 Fundamental Mechanisms 124
12-1 Point Source 215
Electron Cloud Distortion 125
12-2 Lambertian Source 216
Other Nonlinear
12-3 Laser Source 219
Mechanisms 128
9-2 Frequency Conversion 132
13. Optical Detectors 223
Second Harmonic
Generation 132 13-1 Thermal Detectors 223
Three-Wave Mixing 136 Time Response 223
Four-Wave Mixing 140 Thermoelectric Detector 225
9-3 Nonlinear Refractive Index 141 Pyroelectric Detector 226
Optical Switching 142 13-2 Photon Detectors 228
Pulse Chirping and Temporal Photoelectric Effect 228
Solitons 144 Vacuum Photodiode 230
Pulse Compression 146 Photomultiplier 234
Self-Focusing and Spatial Photoconductive
Solitons 147 Detectors 236
9-4 Electro-optic Effects 149 13-3 Noise in Photon Detectors 241
Pockels Effect 149 Shot Noise 242
Kerr Electrooptic Effect 155 Johnson Noise 244